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桩基础.
分类
按照基础的受力原理大致可分为摩擦桩和承载桩。
- 摩擦桩(friction piles):系利用地层与基桩的摩擦力来承载构造物并可分为压力桩及拉力桩,大致用于地层无坚硬之承载层或承载层较深。
- 端承桩(point bearing piles):系使基桩座落于承载层上(岩盘上)使可以承载构造物。
按照施工方式可分为预制桩、灌注桩、大口径钻孔桩及撞击式工字桩。
- 预制桩:通过打桩机将预制的钢筋混凝土桩打入地下。优点是材料省,强度高,适用于较高要求的建筑,缺点是施工难度高,受机械数量限制施工时间长,而且不适用于填塘/填海而成的土地(以天颂苑短桩案为例,由于此等预制桩无法如同撞击式工字桩,承托建于填塘地上的楼宇,是导致楼宇出现不平均沉降原因之一)。
- 灌注桩:首先在施工场地上钻孔,当达到所需深度后将钢筋或工字铁放入浇灌混凝土。优点是施工难度低,尤其是人工挖孔桩,可以不受机械数量的限制,所有桩基同时进行施工,大大节省时间,缺点是承载力低,费材料。
- 大口径钻孔桩:施工方式类似灌注桩,但由于桩柱比灌注桩大,在预钻后需进行挖掘,并将临时套筒放入桩井,以进行扩底工序,确保桩柱可以将重量分散至基岩;在钢筋笼置入桩井后,则移除临时套筒,继续余下工序[1]。
- 撞击式工字桩(打入桩):在预定位置上打入工字铁;如工字桩长于12米,会在打入上一段桩柱后焊上下一段桩柱。撞击式工字桩一般用于基岩较浅的土地。
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