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格里菲斯实验

实验图解。

格里菲斯实验Griffith's experiment),又称格里菲斯转型实验,是由弗雷德里克·格里菲斯(Frederick Griffith)在1928年利用肺炎链球菌老鼠所进行的一系列生物学实验。实验结果显示,细菌的遗传讯息,会因为转型(或称转化)作用而发生改变。

实验与原理

此实验是利用两个不同的肺炎链球菌(可感染老鼠)品系,一种是III-S型(平滑型,有毒性),另一种是II-R型(粗糙型,无毒性)。其中III-S型具有以多糖构成的荚膜 ,可保护自身,抵抗宿主的免疫系统,进而使宿主死亡。II-R则无此构造,因此无法幸免于免疫系统的攻击。

实验主要分成四种不同的步骤与处理方式,如下表所示:

注入宿主的细菌类型 细菌特征 宿主感染后反应
II-R(粗糙型) 无荚膜 存活
III-S(平滑型) 有荚膜 死亡
死的III-S 存活
死的III-S + 活的II-R 死亡

在其中一种处理方式中(表格的最下方),格里菲斯将来自III-S品系的细菌以高温杀死,再将其残骸与活的II-R品系混合。实验结果显示此组合可将宿主老鼠杀死,而且从这些死亡的老鼠体内,可分离出活的III-S品系与II-R品系。因此格里菲斯提出一项结论,认为II-R品系被死亡的III-S品系所含的一种转型因子(transforming principle)所“转型”成为具有致命性的III-S。后来其他人的研究显示,这种转型因子是III-S的DNA(由奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里发现)。虽然III-S已经死亡,但是DNA在加热过程中仍然能够保存,因此当III-S残骸与活体II-R混合在一起时,II-R便接收了源自III-S的DNA,进而获得能够生成多糖荚膜的基因,使宿主的免疫系统无法杀死,造成宿主的死亡。

参见

参考文献

  • Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty. Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1944, 79 (1): 137–58. 
(References the original experiment by Griffith. Original article页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) and 35th anniversary reprint available.)
  • Daniel Hartl and Elizabeth Jones. Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, 6th edition. Jones & Bartlett. 2005.  854 pages. ISBN 978-0-7637-1511-3.

外部链接


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格里菲斯实验
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