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栱[注 1]是东亚传统建筑斗拱结构中的一种木质构件，是置于坐斗口内或跳上与建筑物正面平行的上弯弓形木[1]。日本称为肘木。现存遗物以汉代为最早，已有矩形、曲线形、折线形以及曲线和折线混合型，大概到了唐代才统一样式。宋代已有详细规定其用材制度。

分类

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中国

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按大小分为：瓜栱（短）、万栱（中长）、厢拱：长 按所在位置分为：

  • 正心栱：与建筑物表面平行，在檐柱中心线上
    • 正心瓜拱
    • 正心万拱
  • 外拽栱：与建筑物表面平行，在檐柱中心线之外
    • 外拽瓜拱、
    • 外拽万拱
    • 外拽厢拱
  • 里拽栱：与建筑物表面平行，在檐柱中心线之内
    • 里拽瓜拱
    • 里拽万拱
    • 里拽厢拱

部位

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  • 卯口：拱正中与翘或昂相交处
  • 升托：拱两端承托升子的部分
  • 拱眼：卯口与升托之间下弯部分
  • 拱弯：拱两端下部弯曲处。清代《工程作法则例》规定，万拱的拱弯由三段直线构成，瓜拱的拱弯由四段直线构成，厢拱的拱弯由五段直线构成。

注释

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  1. ^ 发音同“拱”。

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ 梁思成著 《清式营造则例·第三章大木》 《梁思成全集》第六卷
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栱
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