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柠檬酸咖啡因

柠檬酸咖啡因
临床资料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureCafcit、Gencebok,、Cafnea及其他
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
核准状况
给药途径口服给药静脉注射 (IV)
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
识别信息
  • 1,3,7-trimethylpurine-2,6-dione; 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
CAS号69-22-7  checkY
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.125.472 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C14H18N4O9
摩尔质量386.32 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C(=O)N2C)C.C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)O)(C(=O)O)O
  • InChI=1S/C8H10N4O2.C6H8O7/c1-10-4-9-6-5(10)7(13)12(3)8(14)11(6)2;7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h4H,1-3H3;13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12) checkY
  • Key:RCQXSQPPHJPGOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

柠檬酸咖啡因(英语:Caffeine citrate),以Cafcit及Gencebok等品牌销售,是一种用于治疗罹患早产儿呼吸暂停症英语Apnea of prematurity婴儿的药物。[5]具体来说,此药物适用于怀孕不足35周即出生,或体重低于2公斤(4.4磅),同时其他病因皆已被排除的婴儿。[6]给药方式有口服或是缓慢静脉注射两种。[5]

虽然此药物通常因其名称而被称为咖啡因柠檬酸[7]实际上它是由两种成分的共晶体组成。[8]柠檬酸咖啡因属于黄嘌呤类药物。[6]它透过刺激大脑中的呼吸中枢英语respiratory center来发挥作用。[5]

纯化的咖啡因于1819年被发现,[9]而通常用于治疗用途的是以柠檬酸咖啡因盐的形式。此药物已被列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单[10]静脉注射形式的柠檬酸咖啡因也可改以口服方式摄入。[11]

Cafcit于1999年被美国食品药物管理局(FDA)核准作医疗用途。[12]申请厂商为Alpharma USPD, Inc.(此厂商已并入爱尔兰的生物制药公司Jazz Pharmaceuticals英语Jazz Pharmaceuticals)。

欧洲药品管理局(EMA)人用药品委员会英语Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use(CHMP)于2020年6月建议批准商品名称为Gencebok的柠檬酸咖啡因于欧盟作医疗用途,[13]并于2020年8月获准。[3]

医疗用途

柠檬酸咖啡因通常是针对怀孕28至32周即出生,或早于28周出生的早产儿,用于治疗其呼吸暂停症的首选治疗药物。[6][14]此药物的副作用较茶碱为少。[6]

咖啡因可改善气喘患者的气道功能,可让肺活量测试英语Spirometry增强5%至18%,效果可持续四小时。[15]

副作用

副作用有喂食问题、心率加快、低血糖坏死性小肠结肠炎脏问题、恶心呕吐、胃部不适、头痛、睡眠困难、烦躁、排尿增加及皮或皮肤干燥[5][6][16]

有时患者会被建议测试其血液中的咖啡因含量。[5]

用药禁忌

对柠檬酸咖啡因任何成分过敏的患者禁用此药物。[17]患有肾脏、肝脏和/或胃肠道疾病的早产儿需谨慎使用,患有癫痫或心律不整的早产儿需谨慎使用。[18]

作用机转

虽然咖啡因对早产儿呼吸暂停症的作用机制尚不清楚,有几种假设,包括:(1)刺激呼吸中枢,(2)每分钟通气量增加,(3) 降低高碳酸血症阈值,(4) 升高对高碳酸血症反应,(5) 增加骨骼肌张力,(6)降低横膈膜疲劳,(7) 增加代谢率,以及(8)增加氧气消耗。[12]

这些影响大部分归因于咖啡因对腺苷受体A1和A2亚型的拮抗作用,这种拮抗作用已在受体结合实验中得到证实,且观察到的咖啡因浓度与治疗剂量相当。[12]

由于药物中有柠檬酸盐,重量会增加,因此使用剂量会明显高于咖啡因碱,需更大的剂量才能有相同数量的咖啡因。[11]咖啡因碱与柠檬酸盐形式的治疗剂量之比通常为 1:2。[11]应注意以明确区分剂量。[11]

药物代谢动力学

个体口服药剂后约经30分钟至2小时后可达最大血药浓度[12]

肝脏中的细胞色素P450可将药物代谢,但早产儿的此种分泌不足,代谢能力有限。[12]

制造

此药由无水咖啡因与柠檬酸一水合物和柠檬酸钠二水合物混合而成。柠檬酸咖啡因共晶体至少有两种无水多晶型形式存在。[8]

参见

  1. ^ Regulatory Decision Summary - Peyona. Health Canada. 2014-10-23 [2022-06-05]. 
  2. ^ Cafcit- caffeine citrate injection. DailyMed. 2020-01-03 [2020-08-27]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Gencebok EPAR. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2020-06-19 [2020-08-27]. 
  4. ^ Gencebok Product information. Union Register of medicinal products. [2023-03-03]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Caffeine; Caffeine and Sodium Benzoate Injection; Caffeine Citrate. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2016-12-08]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-16). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 World Health Organization. Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR , 编. WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. 2009: 485. ISBN 9789241547659. hdl:10665/44053. 
  7. ^ Donn SM, Sinha SK. Manual of Neonatal Respiratory Care. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012: 457. ISBN 9781461421559. (原始内容存档于2016-12-30) (英语). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Smit JP, Hagen EJ. Polymorphism in Caffeine Citric Acid Cocrystals. Journal of Chemical Crystallography. 2015-03-01, 45 (3): 128–133. ISSN 1572-8854. S2CID 96712417. doi:10.1007/s10870-015-0573-3 (英语). 
  9. ^ Brown N. In Silico Medicinal Chemistry: Computational Methods to Support Drug Design. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015: 20. ISBN 9781782621638. (原始内容存档于2016-12-29) (英语). 
  10. ^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325771可免费查阅. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Ainsworth SB. Neonatal Formulary: Drug Use in Pregnancy and the First Year of Life 7. John Wiley & Sons. 2014: 120. ISBN 9781118819517. (原始内容存档于2016-12-30) (英语). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 NDA 20-793/S-001 (PDF). April 2000 [2024-02-05]. 
  13. ^ Gencebok: Pending EC decision. European Medicines Agency (EMA). 2020-06-25 [2020-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-27). 
  14. ^ NIH-funded research leads to pediatric labeling updates for doxycycline, clindamycin and caffeine citrate. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2020-04-02 [2022-07-27] (英语). 
  15. ^ Welsh EJ, Bara A, Barley E, Cates CJ. Caffeine for asthma. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. January 2010, 2010 (1): CD001112. PMC 7053252可免费查阅. PMID 20091514. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001112.pub2. 
  16. ^ Caffeine Citrate - Uses, Side Effects, and More. WebMD. [2024-02-05]. 
  17. ^ Caffeine Citrate Prescribing Information. Drugs.com. [2024-02-05]. 
  18. ^ Caffeine Citrate. Starship. [2024-02-05]. 

外部链接

C分类:罕用药

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柠檬酸咖啡因
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