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月下老人.
月下老人,简称月老,尊称为月老公、月老爷、月老星君、月老神君,是道教的神祇之一,为掌管男女姻缘(关于婚姻之缘分)之神。形象常被塑造成白胡长须,脸泛红光的慈祥老者;左手持着姻缘簿,右手拄著拐杖。
来源
唐朝李复言的《续玄怪录》记载,唐朝的韦固在少年时(另本说为童年,又说时为六岁),有一夜在宋城的客栈中,遇到一位老人坐在月光下翻看着一本书(无字天书)。韦固觉得怪,对老人发问。老人回答是“鸳鸯谱”:也就是天下人的婚姻登记书。老人又告诉韦固,远处那个卖菜老妪的女儿,现在才三岁,正是他十四年后的妻子。韦固嫌弃不貌美,派人行刺那女孩。十余年后,韦固结婚,发觉妻子眉上留有疤痕,正是当年的小女孩。宋城县宰知道这件事后,把那间客栈定名为“定婚店”。[1]而“月下老人”也成为日后汉语世界中,对爱情期待的男女们信奉最诚的神祇了。
传说
台湾民间信仰,每年七夕,七星娘娘会把人世间未婚的成年男女制成名册,向天庭呈报。当月下老人收到名册后,就按照个性、善恶、兴趣与条件抄写成一本配偶名册,然后用红线绑牢男女二人之足,使合适的男女配成一对佳偶。[2]
各地信仰发展
台湾
清领时期至战后之间关于月老的记载甚少,仅1933年相良吉哉编纂之《台南州祠庙名鉴》纪录台南部分庙宇供奉月老而已。[3]此信仰现象后来也衍生出府城四大月老之说法。
战后南投县政府接受县政顾问黄大受教授建议,参考杭州西湖白云庵月下老人祠之案例,于1980年在日月潭拉鲁岛(时称光华岛)上建立台湾第一座主祀月老的庙宇[注 1],并经常办理水上集团结婚,游客频繁造访、电视公司取景也使该庙颇负盛名。不过温宗翰认为此庙观光性质显著,群众的信仰心理并不强烈。[3]
1990年后各地知名庙宇开始增加祭祀月老,2000年后月老信仰风潮更正式兴起,甚至出现许多以祭祀月老闻名的特殊宫庙如台中慈德慈惠堂、复古婚配文化活动如古礼迎亲等。温宗翰则推测此现象与公元1980年代起台湾社会整体的晚婚趋势有关。[3]
台湾月老信仰的特征:[3]
- 始终为属神形态,极少作为庙宇主神
- 月老神力仅展现于单一仪式、针对单一功能
,仅透过特定仪式互动帮信徒加强姻缘,例如赐予信徒红线或其他加持物、以信徒元辰对应等。其他功能如斩外遇等则透过其从祀神如[[月老婆婆]]、[[氤氲使者]]处理。
- 临时信徒多于长期信徒
- 晚婚潮流助长月老信仰,并带动相关活动如集团结婚、联谊活动等,成为月老信仰之一部分。
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