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月令

月令是上古华夏一种文章体裁,按照一个12个月的时令,记述政府的祭祀礼仪、职务、法令、禁令,并把它们归纳在五行相生的系统中,现存《礼记》中有一篇《月令》之外,还有《逸周书》中的一篇《月令》,惟后者已佚失。《吕氏春秋》"十二纪"之首篇与《礼记·月令》文字几乎相同。

《礼记·月令》或为战国时作品[1],“其中多杂秦制,又博采战国杂家之说”[2],如《月令》有大尉之官,周无而秦有之[3]。有人认为是两汉人杂凑撰集的一部儒家书[4]。民间《四民月令》则是参照该体裁所撰的农业作品。

参考文献

  1. ^ 俞正燮《月令非周书论》云:“《逸周书·周月解》云:‘睢一月既南至,日月俱起于牵牛之初,是谓日月权舆’,此《月令》则云:‘孟春之月,日在营室,昏参中,旦尾中,乃命太史守典奉法,司天日月星辰之行,宿离不贷,以初为常。’《周月解》云:‘既南至,日月右回而行,月周天进一次,与日合宿,日行月一次,而周天历舍于十又二次,终则复始’,此《月令》则云:‘季冬日在婺女,昏娄中,旦氐中,日穷于次,月穷于纪,星回于天,数将几终,岁且更始。’其断天行始终,《周月解》起牵牛,故周人以斗牛为星纪,为十二次,此《月令》季冬星回于天,则起营室,室壁为天门,为十二次之始,相去四十五六度,《周月解》、《月令解》既同周制,不容大悖,岂得以《月令》当周《月令解》。”
  2. ^ 孙希旦:《礼记集解》,页399
  3. ^ 孔颖达《正义》云:“按《吕氏春秋》篇首皆有月令,与此文同,是一证也。又周无大尉,而此《月令》云‘乃名大尉’,此是官名不合周法。二证也。又以秦以十月建亥为岁首,而《月令》云:‘为来岁授朔日’,即是九月为岁终,十月为授朔,此是时不合周法,三证也。又周有六冕,郊天迎气则用大裘,乘玉辂,建大常,日月之章,而《月令》服饰车旗并依时色,此是事不合周法,四证也。”
  4. ^ 康有为新学伪经考》卷十一:“自刘歆伪古文以乱今文”、“《礼》则增〈月令〉、〈明堂位〉、〈制法〉三篇,皆汉儒所撰”。胡适《中国中古思想史长编》明确认为《月令》是《吕氏春秋》采自邹衍的“禨祥度制”:“故我们用《月令》来代表邹衍的禨祥度制,大概是不错的。《吕氏春秋》采邹衍的五德终始论,不提他的姓名;采《月令》全部,也不提及来源,这大概是因为吕氏的宾客曾做过一番删繁摘要的工作。从邹子的十余万言里撷取一点精华来,也许还稍稍改造过,故不须提出原来的作者了。……《淮南王书》收作《时则训》,《礼记》收入《明堂阴阳记》一类,即名为《月令》,而伪造的《逸周书》又收作《时训解》,于是蔡邕、王肃诸人竟认为此书是周公所作了。”
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月令
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