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极小多项式

抽象代数中,一个上的代数元 极小多项式(或最小多项式)是满足 的最低次首一多项式(多项式内最高次项之系数为1) 。此概念对线性代数代数扩张的研究极有助益。

形式定义

为一个域, 为有限维 -代数。对任一元素 ,集合 张出有限维向量空间,所以存在非平凡的线性关系 :

可以假设 ,此时多项式 满足 。根据多项式环里的除法,可知这类多项式中只有一个次数最小者,称之为 极小多项式

由此可导出极小多项式的次数等于 ,而且 可逆当且仅当其极小多项式之常数项非零,此时 可以表成 的多项式。

矩阵的极小多项式

考虑所有 矩阵构成的 -代数 ,由于 ,此时可定义一个 矩阵之极小多项式,而且其次数至多为 ;事实上,根据凯莱-哈密顿定理,可知其次数至多为 ,且其根属于该矩阵的特征值集。

极小多项式是矩阵分类理论(若尔当标准型、有理标准形)的关键。

极小多项式与代数扩张

有限扩张,此时可视 为有限维 -代数。根据的性质,极小多项式必为素多项式。元素的迹数范数等不变量可以从极小多项式的系数读出。

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极小多项式
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