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显性

豆荚中的豌豆。

基因中,显性(英语:Dominance)是一个基因座中一对等位基因之间的关系,其中一个等位基因的表型会表现出来,掩盖了同一基因座中另一个等位基因的表现[1][2]。前面的等位基因称为显性基因,后者则称为隐性(英语:Recessive英语Recessive,俄语:Рецессивность俄语Рецессивный признак)基因。对于体染色体(除性染色体外的任何染色体)上的基因来说,其等位基因与所联系的性状可分为体染色体显性Autosomal Dominant)与体染色体隐性Autosomal Recessive)。显性是孟德尔遗传古典遗传学的关键概念。通常显性等位基因可以转译成一个有功能的蛋白质,而隐性等位基因无法转译。

显性的一个经典案例是豌豆种子形状的遗传。豌豆的外观可能是圆滑的或有绉折的,对应于等位基因为Rr。在这个例子当中,会出现3种可能的等位基因组合(基因型),分别是RRRrrrRR的个体会呈现圆滑的豌豆种子,rr的个体则会呈现有绉折的豌豆种子。在Rr的个体当中,等位基因R会掩盖等位基因r的存在,因此这些个体也会呈现圆滑的豌豆种子。因此,等位基因R对于等位基因r而言为显性,r对于R则为隐性。通常显性会用大写字母表示,隐性则以小写字母表示,这种表示方式成为广泛遵循的惯例。

一般来说,当一个基因存在了两种等位基因版本时(假设为Aa),会有可能出现3种等位基因组合:AAAaaa。如果AAaa的个体(同型合子英语Zygosity)在部分性状出现不同型态(表型),而Aa的个体(异型合子)则呈现出与AA个体相同的性状,则等位基因A对于等位基因a而言可称为显性,反之则可称为隐性。

显性不是单一等位基因的遗传,而是各个等位基因之间的关连性;其中一个等位基因可能对第二个等位基因产生显性关连,对第三个等位基因产生隐性关连,对第四个等位基因产生共显性关连。而且,一个等位基因可能会对一个性状的特定部分产生显性,但不会影响此性状有关的其他基因。显性与上位作用不同,上位作用是指一个基因中等位基因的表现,会影响另一个不同基因中等位基因的表现[3]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ dominance. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. [14 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-24). 
  2. ^ express. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. [14 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-28). 
  3. ^ Griffiths AJF; Gelbart WM; Miller JH; et al. Gene Interaction Leads to Modified Dihybrid Ratios. Modern Genetic Analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company. 1999 [2016-01-14]. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5. (原始内容存档于2021-12-10). 

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显性
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