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明尊

明尊
光明神至善神明界之王
元朝绢本挂轴《摩尼教宇宙图》最上层所描绘的明界王国景象,明尊端坐于正中神台上。[1]
其他名称明父、明使、察宛
住处明界(光明王国)
符号与象征光明、明界
性别
子女夷数
对应其他神话的
对应祆教神话的祖尔宛英语Zurvanism
对应诺斯底神话的太一英语Monad (Gnosticism)[2]

明尊,亦称明使明父大明尊(英语:Father of Greatness叙利亚-亚兰语转写Abba d’Rabbuta[3]),是摩尼教中的最高神及永恒至善之神,居于明界,或称光明王国。[2][4]此外,在许多古代摩尼教文献中,祂被比做或等同于祆教的时间和永恒之神祖尔宛英语Zurvanism,所以中文又称祂为“察宛”。[3]

概述

摩尼教抄本残页 MIK III 4979”插图以印度教四神迦尼萨筏罗诃梵天湿婆来象征“四重伟大之明尊”。新疆高昌故城,8–9世纪。

摩尼教认为明尊是“四重伟大之神”,集神性、光明、力量、至善四种特质于一身。祂的王座环绕着12灵体英语Aeon (Gnosticism)、众灵之灵以及诸天使。[5][6]汉语摩尼教经《下部赞》之〈叹无上明尊偈文〉开篇就为读者描绘出明尊和明界王国的景象:“我等常活明尊父,隐密恒安大明处。高于人天自在者,不动国中俨然住。”

暗魔英语Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)入侵明界时,明尊召唤出一众光明神体抵抗暗界的侵蚀。但光明神体寡不敌众,战败后被迫与暗界恶魔相混合;因此而诞生的人类便拥有源于明尊的光明分子,但暗魔的禁锢令人类无法认识自身中的光明神性,除非他们能获得灵知英语Gnosis继而从“沉睡”中苏醒,重返自身的神性之源。明尊因而再次召唤出一系列光明神体去拯救被困于物质世界(人世)的光明分子。在摩尼教传统中,人们相信明尊会在末世时显露真容。[7]

神义论

在摩尼教的教义中,明尊是至善之神,祂不带任何邪恶特质,因而也无法攻击或给任何人事物带去痛苦和伤害,[6]祂能做的只有防御。所以,明尊的力量在祂自身的这种本质下受到很大限制。虽然祂并非全能,但在末世到来时,祂会让所有光明分子重返明界,邪恶与黑暗将会被永久驱逐回暗界,从此再无力入侵光明王国。[2]因此,摩尼教反对《旧约圣经》中有能力给予“报复”的上帝形象,比如〈利未记〉第26章第3-10节所述“你们要追赶仇敌,他们必倒在你们刀下”。[8]于是,尽管明尊无法主动攻击邪恶,但祂能以自己至善和光辉的本质将源于暗界的邪恶消解。[9]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ Gulácsi, Zsuzsanna. Mani's Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Central Asia and Tang-Ming China (PDF). "Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies" series 90. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2015: p. 441 [2020-05-27]. ISBN 9789004308947. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-21) (英语). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Barnstone, Willis; Meyer, Marvin (编). The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Shambhala Publications. 2009: pp. 4、595、827. ISBN 9780834824140 (英语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Char Yar. Zurvan - A Historical Name of God in Manichaeism. academia.edu. [2020-05-26] (英语). 
  4. ^ 梁庚尧. 《中國社會史》. 台北: 国立台湾大学出版中心. 2014-10-08: p. 359. ISBN 9789863500377 (中文(繁体)). 
  5. ^ Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. Manichaean Art and Calligraphy. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 1982: p. 9. ISBN 9789004064782 (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Van den Berg, Jacob Albert; Kotzé, Annemaré; Nicklas, Tobias; Scopello, Madeleine (编). In Search of Truth: Augustine, Manichaeism and other Gnosticism — Studies for Johannes van Oort at Sixty. "Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies" 74. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 2010: pp. 233、305 [2020-05-26]. ISBN 9789004195790. (原始内容存档于2019-08-11) (英语). 
  7. ^ Pedersen, Nils Arne. The Veil and Revelation of the Father of Greatness. brill.com. 2010 [2020-05-26] (英语). 
  8. ^ BeDuhn, Jason David. Augustine's Manichaean Dilemma, Volume 2. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2013: p. 176. ISBN 9780812244946 (英语). 
  9. ^ Stump, Eleonore; Kretzmann, Norman (编). The Cambridge Companion to Augustine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001-03-15: p. 98. ISBN 9780521659857 (英语). 
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明尊
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