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施万细胞 .
施万细胞 (Schwann cell)、神经膜细胞 (neurolemmocyte[1] ,neurilemma cell[2] ),是构成周围神经系统 的主要细胞,并参与多种重要的周围神经生物学功能:传导神经冲动 ,参与神经的生长和再生,营养神经元 ,生产神经细胞外介质 ,调节运动神经活性以及介导抗原。[3] 施万细胞以德国 科学家、现代细胞学 创始人之一的泰奥多尔·施万 名字命名[4] 。
施万细胞使神经纤维分为有髓鞘和无髓鞘(myelinating and nonmyelinating)的神经纤维,有髓鞘许旺细胞包裹轴突形成髓鞘。神经鞘并不连续,单个有髓鞘型许旺细胞覆盖100微米至1米不等的神经轴,两个许旺细胞之间的神经轴称为兰氏结 (nodes of Ranvier)。脊椎动物 神经轴传导依靠神经鞘隔离并降低细胞膜的干扰。许旺细胞从胚胎时期就开始盘绕在神经轴上形成髓鞘,有时可以盘绕达100圈。高分化的许旺细胞形状像卷起的纸一样,每圈内夹着髓磷脂 (myelin)。
从2001年起,移植许旺细胞治疗神经损伤及诱导神经鞘再生成为研究热点,不少研究都得出了正面结果。许旺细胞在神经再生方面具有重要作用,许多外周神经鞘由许旺细胞组成。神经损伤时,许旺细胞还具有吞噬作用。同时,许旺细胞构建神经再生通道帮助神经修复。损伤的神经轴通过芽生(sprout)穿过许旺细胞构建的通道到达目标器官或组织。神经生长速度约为1mm/天,当然错误经常发生,尤其是在距离较远时。但是如果缺乏许旺细胞与神经轴的连接,神经轴就会死亡,神经修复也不会发生。因此许旺细胞对周围神经修复,再生具有重要作用,并且不可或缺。
施万细胞具有吞噬能力,可清除细胞残渣,提供神经元重生的空间。
^ Krieger P A. A Visual Analogy Guide to Human Physiology[M]. Morton Publishing Company, 2020. p.88
^ Mcmillan D, Harris R J. An atlas of comparative vertebrate histology[M]. Academic Press, 2018. p. 143-147
^ Topilko, Piotr; Schneider-Maunoury, Sylvie; Levi, Giovanni; Baron-Van Evercooren, Anne; Chennoufi, Amina Ben Younes; Seitanidou, Tania; Babinet, Charles; Charnay, Patrick. Krox-20 controls myelination in the peripheral nervous system . Nature. 1994-10-27, 371 (6500): 796–799 [2016-05-18 ] . doi:10.1038/371796a0 . (原始内容存档 于2017-03-27) (英语) .
^ Theodor Schwann - Scientist of the Day . Linda Hall Library. 2016-12-07 [2021-02-21 ] (美国英语) .
中枢神经系统
组织类型
灰质
白质
Projection fiber
Association fiber
Commissural fiber
Lemniscus
Nerve tract
Decussation
Commissure
Neuropil
脑膜
细胞类型
周围神经系统
一般
Dorsal
Ventral
Ramus communicans
Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers
Postganglionic nerve fibers )
神经束
索
结缔组织 神经胶质
神经元 /神经纤维
组成部分
细胞体 轴突
轴突
轴突末梢
Axoplasm
Axolemma
Neurofibril/neurofilament
树突
尼氏体
Dendritic spine
Apical dendrite /Basal dendrite
类型 传入神经纤维 /感觉神经元
GSA
GVA
SSA
SVA
fibers
Ia or Aα
Ib or Golgi or Aα
II or Aβ and Aγ
III or Aδ or fast pain
IV or C or slow pain
传出神经纤维 /运动神经元
GSE
GVE
SVE
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
α motorneuron
β motorneuron
γ motorneuron
末稍
表面外胚层
脑垂体前叶 (促性腺细胞,促皮质分泌细胞,促甲状腺细胞,生长激素细胞,催乳激素分泌细胞)
神经嵴
神经管
神经母细胞
感光细胞 (
锥细胞 ,
杆细胞 )→(水平细胞)→
双极细胞 →(无轴突细胞)→ 视网膜神经节细胞(侏儒细胞,伞状细胞,双层细胞,巨视网膜神经节细胞,
感光神经节细胞 )→
间脑 :小颗粒细胞,大颗粒细胞,微小颗粒细胞
米勒胶质细胞
伯特歇尔细胞
其他
大颗粒神经分泌细胞 · 星形细胞
神经胶胚细胞
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