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断层崖

蒙古戈壁沙漠(左图)和爱达荷州 博拉峰 的已被侵蚀断层崖。 右图中的断层崖(棕褐色山丘底部的白线)形成于 1983 Borah Peak 地震

断层崖(英语:Fault scarp)是地表上的一个陡坡,由断层的一侧相对于另一侧相对的垂直移动而造成的[1]。 它是沿断层运动的地形表现。它们代表旧的地质断层活动做造成的差异地形和随后经过侵蚀的地形,或现今断层活动的地形。

特征

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断层崖通常包含高度的破裂岩石。通常,断层崖是断层的上盘形成的,而且可能非常陡峭。断层崖的高度等于断层的垂直位移。活动的陡坡通常由构造运动形成,例如地震活动,它能改变地面高度,并且可由任何类型的断层引起,包括走滑断层。这种运动通常是偶发的,但断层崖的高度是累积多次运动的结果。每次构造活动能造成大约 5 到 10 米的高度的位移[2]

这个断层崖是由 1959 年的赫布根湖地震造成的。照片拍摄于 1959 年 8 月 19 日。

由于沿断层的地形隆起,断层崖很容易受到侵蚀,特别是隆起由松散的沉积物组成。风化、土石流失和水流很快就会磨损这些断崖,有时会导致沿径流通道形成V形山谷。相邻的V形山谷使断层崖呈三角形。被称为“三角形刻面”(英语:Triangular facet[3]

断层崖可能只有几厘米或几米高。断层线崖是指断层崖与断层重合,但最通常的是断层崖沿断层受侵蚀而形成。其位置已远离实际断层位置。实际断层位置可能被埋在冲积扇或山谷沉积物的下面。

实例

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  1. 提顿山脉——怀俄明州的提顿山脉是活跃断层崖的一个例子。 提顿地形是由于最近的提顿断层地质活动造城的 [4]
  2. 岐阜县本栖的断层崖,由1891年美浓-尾张地震造成。
  3. 东非大裂谷边界的断层。
  4. 新墨西哥州里奥格兰德裂谷边界的断层崖。

参考文献

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  1. ^ Essentials of Geology, 3rd ed., Stephen Marshak
  2. ^ Arthur N Strahler. Physical Geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1960, second edition, p. 475
  3. ^ Easterbrook, D. J. (1999) Surface processes and landforms. (Second Ed). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
  4. ^ Byrd, J.O.D., Smith, R.B., Geissman, J.W. (1994) The Teton fault, Wyoming: Topographic signature, neotectonics, and mechanisms of deformation, Journal of Geophysical Research (99), No. B10, p. 20095-20122
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断层崖
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