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断奏

断音

断奏意大利语Staccato,意指“分离”)又称断音跳音,指音符的实际时值比谱上所示的短,而减短的部分则可不作声,[1]并于音符上加上一小点表示。

历史

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断音的概念最晚于1676年便被提及。[2]但即使在十八世纪便有以点和线区分不同轻重长短的断音,但1850年以前的乐谱基本上小点、线和楔形的意思类近。后来十九世纪末至二十世纪初的作曲家更尝试以小点、直和横的线和楔形来表示不同性质的断音,但最后没有普及[1]

标示

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现今最为通用的是小点和楔形,其中小点就是断音,楔形是特断音Staccatissimo),后者较为短促。类似适用于个别音符的标示,断音只对所标的音有效。以下图为例,第一小节的音以符杆连接,因此两音皆为断音;第二小节没有连起来,因此只有上方音为断音。

examples


断音可视为与连结线里的音(Legato)特性相反,但弦乐器中的断音并不是拨奏,后者会以文字标示。乐理上预设断音为将音符减成一半,如西贝柳斯打谱软件的设定,[3]但实际演奏则因乐曲特性和个人演释而有所差异。

关于“跳音”

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有时华人会以跳音称呼短促的音符,而这并不同于断奏的声音中断之意。断奏有不同音色,相应有不同弹奏方法,而手部具“跳”的动作的只是其中一种,因此需留意当中分别。

参考

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  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Geoffrey Chew, "Staccato", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
  2. ^ Werner Bachmann, Robert E. Seletsky, David D. Boyden, Jaak Liivoja-Lorius, Peter Walls, and Peter Cooke, "Bow", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).
  3. ^ Spreadbury, Daniel; Eastwood, Michael; Finn, Ben; and Finn, Jonathan (March 2008). "Sibelius 5 Reference", p.284. Edition 5.2.

参见

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外部链接

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断奏
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