斡脱

斡脱^[1]^:127，是与蒙古帝国合作的商人和放债人的称呼。

该术语来自突厥语词ortak，意为“伙伴”^[2]。因蒙古人有钱但不善经商，所以选择与色目人商人合作减轻风险^[3]，而商人也可集中资源经营降低成本。

当成吉思汗让他的家人和军事指挥官选择穆斯林（主要是畏兀儿人或中亚人）为贸易目的交予金银锭时，斡脱制度就开始了^[2]。商人通常会获得非常高的佣金，只要他们不干涉蒙古人的军事行动，就可以使用官方驿站^[2]。蒙古人也会向商人提供低息贷款^[3]。1268年，忽必烈汗建立了监督斡脱的总监，以低利率借钱给他们^[4]。

斡脱商人因其特殊待遇和高利率贷款而在中国人中享有很差的声誉，王恽批评了斡脱的特权，特别是携带武器的权利^[1] ^:147-148。在明朝，斡脱这个词不再具有特殊意义，仅仅意味着商人^[1]^:153。

参考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Elizabeth Endicott-West, "Merchant Associations in Yüan China: The Ortoγ," Asia Major 2 (1989).
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 84.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 "The Mongols in World History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." Asia for Educators. Accessed April 29, 2019.
^ Denis Twitchett, ed., The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 449.

分类

[EEW-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Elizabeth Endicott-West, "Merchant Associations in Yüan China: The Ortoγ," Asia Major 2 (1989).

[Findley-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Carter Vaughn Findley, The Turks in World History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 84.

[AFA-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "The Mongols in World History （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." Asia for Educators. Accessed April 29, 2019.

[4] Denis Twitchett, ed., The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 449.

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斡脱

参考

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