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拜拉克塔尔TB2

此条目翻译自英语维基百科,需要相关领域的编者协助校对翻译。如果您精通本领域,又能清楚地将英语翻译为中文,欢迎您协助校订翻译。原文参见en:Baykar Bayraktar TB2
Bayraktar TB2
服役于土耳其空军的Bayraktar TB2无人机
类型 无人驾驶战斗机
制造商 巴伊卡尔公司
设计者 塞尔丘克·拜拉克塔尔
首飞 2014年8月
起役日期 2014年
状态 现役
主要用户  土耳其
 阿塞拜疆
 乌克兰
 吉尔吉斯斯坦
制造数量 300+[1]

拜拉克塔尔TB2Bayraktar TB2;Bayraktar也译巴伊拉克塔尔贝拉克塔旗手少尉)是土耳其巴伊卡尔公司开发的一款中空长航时英语Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle(MALE)无人作战飞机(UCAV),由军事工程师塞尔丘克·巴伊拉克塔尔开发[2][3],军工企业巴伊卡尔公司研发和制造。因受到制裁,现版本由土耳其引擎工业负责自主化的动力系统,侦搜系统来自Aselsan英语Aselsan。该机型作战半径达300公里[4],可远距操控和自动飞行作战,与安卡英语TAI Anka并列为土耳其空军现有的主力无人机[5]。除主要用户土耳其外,亦有一些海外订单。


发展史

为了防止土耳其对付库尔德族,美国禁止出口无人机给土耳其,因此土耳其决定自行研发TB2无人机。[6]

巴伊卡尔在2011年研发出TB1无人机交付给土耳其军队,并开始着手新一代的无人机作战系统。[7]2014年8月,TB2首飞。[8]2015年12月18日,与 Roketsan 合作,发布了一段关于巴伊拉克塔尔TB2试射导弹的影片。Roketsan的MAM和TUBITAK-SAGE的BOZOK激光制导炸弹首次进行了测试。[9][10][11]

战史

第二次利比亚内战

2020年纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争

  • 2020年6月,阿塞拜疆在2020年纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争中使用了旗手TB-2无人机[13],并利用其摧毁了多个亚美尼亚移动防空系统、坦克和其他车辆[14],据Treadstone 71统计,由旗手TB-2无人机对亚美尼亚造成的军事装备损失价值超过19亿美元[15]

2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰

  • 乌克兰武装部队使用TB-2无人机打击俄方目标[16]。乌军的该型无人机除直接利用其携带的MAM-L和MAM系列灵巧炸弹摧毁了大量俄军装备[17]之外,还常用于为乌军空袭和其他远程火力打击提供观察校射和战果确认。例如在蛇岛战役中,TB-2无人机曾观测了乌军苏-27战斗机对岛上俄军目标的轰炸[18],还帮助修正了2S22 Bohdana自行火炮等远程火力对岛上俄军的轰击[19]
  • 2022年当地时间5月9日晚,在蛇岛战役中,乌军使用TB-2无人机发射的激光制导炸弹击落俄罗斯联邦第487独立直升机团所属的一架Mi-8直升机(蓝色92号)[20],创下史上首次无人机击落敌方载人航空器的纪录[21]

造价与售价

单台成本估计低至 100 万美元或 200 万美元。

2022年1月乌克兰与土耳其达成的军售合同中,16架巴伊拉克塔尔TB2无人机售价总计约6000万美元。[22][23]

指挥和控制

无人机是由地面控制站来控制的,控制站设置在基于北约标准的ACE-III移动式工作间内。控制人员包括了飞行员、设备操作员和图像判读员或任务指挥官。控制站内装有储物架、空调、三防过滤系统、动力供应单元、无线通信系统和内部通信系统。每个操作员前面都有双屏幕以及用于实时命令、控制和监视的操作员界面软件。

数位飞行控制系统

装备三余度航电控制系统,包括微型控制器、发动机控制器、伺服动力控制、发动机信号处理与输入/输出设备、GPS接受设备。此外,机上还装有大气数据传感器、激光高度仪和油料传感器。飞行控制系统可以让无人机在不需要外接辅助传感器的情况下,完成自动滑行、起飞、导航、降落和停机操作。传感器融合结构使用了现代化的非线性控制技术,实现了对无人机良好的控制与导航。执行任务时,无人机也可以转换到半自动控制模式。标准搭载设备则包括光电照相设备、红外照相机、激光指示器、激光测距仪和激光指针。所有主要的机载航电设备、软件和硬件目前都在不断发展。

缺点

巴伊拉克塔尔TB2的外挂点只有4个,相对偏少,火力持续性较弱。

针对防空系统不完善的一方有压制性优势,但是对拥有完善防空体系和电子战能力的一方优势较弱。随着俄军防空系统的在乌克兰东部展开和对其性能特点的了解,巴伊拉克塔尔TB2的战果逐渐减少,损失开始增加。由于机型较大移动相对缓慢,而且只能在中等高度飞行,很多TB-2无人机已经被俄军的防空系统摧毁。另外俄军的电子战干扰和破坏通信链路能力减少了乌克兰方的使用。

用户

  •  伊拉克:伊拉克国防部长宣布伊拉克将会订购TB2无人机以及T129攻击直升机,当中的8架无人机已经订购。[72][73][74]
  •  尼日尔:已下订六架[75]

参见

参考资料

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