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抗爆剂

抗爆剂(中国大陆称为抗爆剂,台湾称为抗震剂)(antiknock agent),又称汽油抗爆剂辛烷值提升剂,是一种添加在汽油中做为抗震爆之用,减轻汽油在引擎内燃烧时产生的爆震。

曾经多以四乙基铅做为汽油中的抗爆剂,但因为铅会造成环境污染及人体的危害,还是有其他化合物可以取代四乙基铅。例如:甲基第三丁基醚甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰英语Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl(MMT)。

依照添加抗爆剂量的不同,汽油可以进而区分为92无铅汽油、95无铅汽油、98无铅汽油。如果一种油品在引擎中所产生的震爆,与体积组成的95%的异辛烷及5%的正庚烷的震爆程度相同,称此油品的辛烷值为95,即为市售之95无铅汽油。其余亦同。

作用

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四乙基铅一度广泛使用作为添加剂加在汽油,以提高燃料的辛烷值,以防止发动机内发生震爆,从而能够使用更高的压缩比率,藉以提高汽车发动机效率和功率。并延长各零件的寿命。四乙基铅燃烧会产生固体一氧化铅和铅。

辛烷值(octane number,简写为O.N.):内燃机燃料抗爆震程度的量化数值。协定正庚烷为0,异辛烷为100。

燃料的化学结构影响油品的辛烷值,以百分之百的正庚烷(直链型)组成的燃料,抗震爆能力甚差,辛烷值定为0。 若以百分之百的异辛烷(多支链型)为燃料,引擎的震爆情形较平稳,其辛烷值定为100。

健康影响及其相关化学特性

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参考文献

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  • 高中‧大学出版中心 高中化学葵花宝典  杨慕文 编著
  • 康熹文化 基础化学(全)Chemistry 黄长司‧黄芳裕‧锺崇燊 主编
  • 东华书局 化学Introductory Chemistry    Nivaldo J.Tro 著,逢甲大学化工系教授 张新福 审阅,林文雄‧林孙基‧刘仁焕‧李国兴‧窦维平‧刘秀龄 编译。
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抗爆剂
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