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恶 (佛教).
恶(巴利文与梵语:पापक,pāpaka),佛教术语,字面意义为不好的、恶的、无助益的,为善的反义词,即不善(akusala)。在说一切有部中,将一切事物的性质,分为善、恶与无记三性,大众部则只立善、恶两个性质。
在梵文中,恶(pāpaka)是一个形容词。同义字为不善(akuśala),是善(kuśala)的反义字。
在佛教中,善是指顺着正确道理、随顺正法的事物,而恶是指违逆正确道理的[1]。《俱舍论》以能否带来安稳的业,能否得涅槃,能否停息苦,作为善与不善的区别[2]。《成唯识论》以能否为现世及来世带来好处,来区分善与不善[3]。
恶的行为或心态,会带来恶业,导致投生恶趣。佛教主要提出十恶作为戒律。
- ^ 《大乘义章》卷12:“顺理为善,违理为恶。”
- ^ 玄奘译《阿毘达磨俱舍论》卷15:“如是名为善等业相。谓安隐业,说名为善。能得可爱异熟涅槃,暂永二时济众苦故。不安隐业名为不善,由此能招非爱异熟,与前安隐性相违故。非前二业立无记名,不可记为善不善故。”
- ^ 《成唯识论》卷5:“能为此世、他世顺益,故名为善。人天乐果虽于此世能为顺益,非于他世,故不名善。能为此世、他世违损,故名不善。恶趣苦果虽于此世能为违损,非于他世,故非不善。于善不善益损义中,不可记别,故名无记。”
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