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惜薪司.
惜薪司,明朝宦官四司之一,是专门职掌宫中火柴、木炭的机构。
惜薪司下设三个机构:热火处,薪炭处,烧炕处。木炭产于易州(河北易县)、涿州、通州、蓟州等地,用硬质木材烧制而成,燃烧耐久,不冒烟,运至燕京后,由红萝厂截短,外敷以红土,名曰“红萝炭”,再由惜薪司分发至皇宫及二十四衙门。当时红萝厂称之外厂,惜薪司称内厂[1]。
明武宗正德时,司礼监太监刘瑾权倾一时,赋予惜薪司特务职务,即内厂,权力更盛于东厂、西厂。正德五年(1510年)刘瑾失势,内行厂被废。
万历时,惜薪司人数大增,至“朝进一人,暮进一人”,致“几十倍于前”[2]。
清顺治时十三衙门有惜薪司,康熙帝即位后,改惜薪司为内工部,属内务府,又改称营造司。
- 掌印太监,一员;
- 总理,无定员;
- 佥书,无定员;
- 掌道,无定员;
- 掌司,无定员;
- 写字,无定员;
- 监工,无定员;
- 外厂、北厂、南厂、新南厂、新西厂各设佥书、监工,俱无定员。
李质(司丞)[3]
孙和(左司)[4]、
韩锡[5]
高忠(掌印)[6]
杜茂[7]
- 《明清两代宫苑建置沿革图考》说,明代每年“用木炭二千六百八十六万斤”
- 沈榜《宛署杂记》载万历十八年(1590年)廷试,烧掉1000多斤木炭。
- ^ 清·张廷玉等,《明史》(卷74):“惜薪司,掌印太监一员,总理、佥书、掌道、掌司、写字、监工及外厂、北厂、南厂、新南厂、新西厂各设佥书、监工,俱无定员,掌所用薪炭之事。”
- ^ 王元翰:《凝翠集·根本重地痛苦剥肤疏》。
- ^ 《明故神宫监太监李公墓志铭》:“弘治庚戌,转升惜薪司右司副佥押署事。癸丑,升司丞。”
- ^ 《大明故内官监太监罗公塔铭》:“名下官:内官监右少监蓝泰、酒醋面局右副使银保、惜薪司左司副孙和、巾帽局右副使商得保,奉御孙铺等9人,勇士罗杰等16人。正德四年二月立石。”
- ^ 《明故内官监太监韩公墓志铭》:“越三年,进太监。几三月,赐蟒衣、玉带。十一月,内府乘马。四月间,署惜薪司事。”
- ^ 《明故乾清宫掌事司礼监太监高公墓志铭》:“四十年,命兼掌惜薪司印,提督圣济殿并西直房。”
- ^ 《司礼监太监杜公墓志》:“万历壬辰,擢文书房兼署惜薪司。”
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