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惜败率.
选举候选人的惜败率(せきはいりつ)单一选区落选者得票数除以该单一选区当选者得票数。[1]
1996年以后的众议院议员总选举的小选举区比例代表并立制中的“小选举区”与“比例代表”会进行双重提名。在日本的政党可将不同单一选区候选人在名单中排同一优先顺位,以单一选区落选但惜败率高者取得席次。[1]
2009年,日本举行众议院选举,自由民主党(自民党)在东北比例代表区派出一张名单,其中24名候选人同时在单一选区参选,其余4人只在比例代表区参选。候选人顺序如下:
顺序排名 |
议员 |
注解
|
1 |
吉野正芳 |
吉野同时在福岛县第3区参选,对手是现任议员,民主党的玄叶光一郎,选情严峻。他排在名单第一位,这样他即使在上述选区以大比数落败,也能够循比例代表制的途径成功连任。
|
2 |
秋叶贤也 |
秋叶不在单一选区参选。他排在名单第二位,连任机会很大。
|
3 |
23个候选人 |
这些候选人在名单上的排名顺序相同,他们的当选次序取决于惜败率(自己的票数除以当选者的票数,即自己和当选者之间的票数差距有多小)。他们在单一选区胜出后,将被剔出名单,由其他候选人递补。
|
26 |
近江屋信广 |
这3个候选人只在比例代表区参选,除非自民党在这次选举中大胜,否则他们当选的机会渺茫。即使自民党在东北比例代表区14个议席中取得7席,如果上述各候选人当中,同时在单一选区参选且获胜者不足19人,那么近江屋就不会有机会当选。
|
27 |
长冈重代
|
28 |
佐藤久孝
|
日本众议院还有第二个门槛,该候选人(所属名单)的得票率小于10%(即惜败率低于11.11%)时,将直接落选,失去复活当选的资格。
- ^ 1.0 1.1 堀江湛‘政治学・行政学の基础知识’2007年、132ページ (真下英二“7日本の选挙制度”)
- kotobank.jp, digital Daijisen edition, Shōgakukan: 惜败率 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Sekihairitsu) and 重复立候补 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (jūfuku rikkōho, "dual candidacy") (日语)
- Margaret McKean, Ethan Scheiner: Japan's new electoral system: la plus ça change..., Electoral Studies 19 (2000), 447–477.
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