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思维规律

思维规律(英语:Law of thought),又称思考规律,是逻辑公理基础,由亚里士多德提出。


传统三大规律

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伯特兰·罗素在他的著作《哲学问题》中确立了三个思维规律:

一般而言在欧陆理性主义的方法中,它们被明确的假定并且是毋庸质疑的公理

它们都归功于亚里士多德,并遭受了众多非议和分析(分别关于决定论外延性)。在一定意义上,这标志了在十九世纪特别是Frege(他受到这些公式的巨大影响)之后在逻辑学中发生的事情。这种规律被假定为是基本的,有教育学价值的,而不是挑战于智力。这种态度只在二十世纪早期被放弃过一段时间,这可以在伯特兰·罗素 1911 年的著作中(在那里指出了它们三个)对它们的暗示中看出来。

思维规律在德国思想中特别有影响;在法国《Port-Royal 逻辑》的释义力图驱散它们的神秘性。黑格尔在整理他自己的逻辑学的时候争论了不可识别事物的同一律 — 但作为当前的事情而不是一个过时的问题。

乔治·布尔在 1854 年关于逻辑学的论文的标题,《思维规律的研究》指示了一个新鲜的起点。这些规律现在是布尔逻辑的一部分;列表的前两个被归结为说明有两个且只有两个真值。第二对在代数层次上被忽略了,而缺席于二阶逻辑

叔本华

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四定律

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德国哲学家莱布尼茨提出充足理由律[1] [2] 德国哲学家亚瑟·叔本华在1813年发表的博士论文《论充足理由律的四重根(英文:On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason)》中进一步阐述。[3] 阿图尔·叔本华将充足理由律和矛盾律、同一律、排中律并列,把它看成经典逻辑的第四个思维规律公理, 确立如下四个思维规律:

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ 王自贵. 论莱布尼茨充足理由原则的哲学意蕴. 中国社会科学网. 中国大陆: 中国社会科学院. 2012-07-15 [2020-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-14) (中文(简体)). 
  2. ^ From Hamilton 1860:67" In modern times, the attention of philosophers was called to this law of Leibnitz, who, on the two principles of Reason and of Contradiction, founded the whole edifice of his philosophy.3 3 See Théodicée, § 44. Monadologie英语Monadologie, §§ 81, 82. —ED."
  3. ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1974) On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Open Court Publishing Co., ISBN 0-87548-187-6
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思维规律
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