联邦财政部是德国政府中所谓“经典五部”之一,即五个源头可以追溯到俾斯麦时代的五个主要部门。(其他四部是民政部、外务部、法部和军部。)联邦财政部最早是1877年德国统一后,在宰相府下设的度支局,1879年分出设立帝国国库署(Reichsschatzamt)。一战以后,面临财政危机的魏玛共和国将国库署改组为财政部(Reichsministerium der Finanzen)掌管经济政策,同时分别设立国库部(Reichsschatzministerium),管理联邦政府资产。1923年两部合并。鲁茨·冯·科洛希克1932年出任财相,此后一直担任此职直到1945年纳粹政府被解散。两德分裂后,1949年西德政府重设联邦财政部,即现存的联邦财政部。1950年东德也重设财政部,1990年随东德政府解散。1999年联邦财政部从波恩迁柏林。
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