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张力亢进

张力亢进
(Hypertonia)
类型肌病[*]
分类和外部资源
医学专科神经学
ICD-11MB47.8
ICD-10P94.1
ICD-9-CM358, 779.89
DiseasesDB20872
MeSHD009122
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张力亢进(英语:Hypertonia肌肉压力过高肌肉张力亢进肌肉僵直),在文献中、有时等同于反射亢进(Spasticity/hyperreflexia),指的是中枢神经系统周围损伤所引起的亢进、亦即"上运动脑部病变"。[1] 病症为受损运动神经元(Motor neuron)调节能力下降且产生脊髓反射失调、肌梭(Muscle spindle)兴奋性增高,及减少突触抑制。[2] 这些结果导致"对症肌肉"(symptomatic muscles)肌张力(Muscle tone)增高之病症。[3] 一些学者建议,对于目前"反射亢进"的定义,即"牵张反射(stretch reflex/myotatic reflex)速度相关的<过度活动(over-activity)>",在于它没有充分考虑到患者显示出在没有"牵张反射"(stretch reflex)<过度活动>时、"肌张力"增高之情况。他们反而认为,"可逆亢进"(reversible hypertonia)是比较合适的定义,也显示出可治疗的条件,即是反应出各种治疗方式像是药物"和/或"物理的治疗。[4]

与"中枢神经系统失调"有关的病症分为阳性和阴性两类。其中阳性症状包括那些经由"超兴奋"(hyper-excitability)引起的"牵张反射"(即"刚性"(rigidity)与"反射亢进")所增加的肌肉活动,而阴性症状包括肌肉活动不足(即肌肉无力(Muscle weakness/myasthenia))、与减低的运动功能。[5] 这两种分类经常被认为是一种病症的"分立实体"(separate entities);不过、一些研究者认为他们之间可能是密切相关的。[6]

病理生理学

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张力亢进是因涉及损害中枢神经系统致使肌肉受伤、发病,或导致其它情况,而造成"上运动神经元病变"(upper motor neuron lesion/pyramidal insufficiency)所引起的。

注释

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  1. ^ 存档副本. [2012年12月17日]. (原始内容存档于2013年6月18日). 
  2. ^ O'Sullivan, Susan. Physical Rehabilitation. Philadelphia, PA: F.A Davis Company. 2007: 234. 
  3. ^ Sheean, G. & McGuire, J. R. (2009). Spastic hypertonia and movement disorders; Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and quantification. American Academy of Physical Medicine of Rehabilitation, 1, 827-833.
  4. ^ Bakeheit, A. M. O, Fheodoroff, K. & Molteni, F. (2011). Spasticity or reversible muscle hypertonia? Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 43, 556-557.
  5. ^ Sanger, T. D., Chen, D., Delgado, M. R., Gaebler-Spira, D., Hallett, M., & Mink, J. W., (2006). Definition and classification of negative motor signs in childhood. Pediatrics, 118, 2159-2167
  6. ^ Damiano DL, Dodd K, Taylor NF. Should we be testing and training muscle strength in cerebral palsy? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:68 –72

参见

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  • 肌张力障碍
  • 张力低下(Hypotonia/肌张力低下)
  • 反射亢进(Spasticity/hyperreflexia)
  • 扣刀响应(Clasp-knife response)

外部链接

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张力亢进
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