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建州左卫

建州左卫明朝政府图们江流域设置的一个羁縻卫所,册封当地酋长为名义上的官员(参见:土司)。明朝永乐十年(1412年)左右,明朝与朝鲜王朝之间的女真酋长猛哥帖木儿(清肇祖)所部从建州卫中析出,另置建州左卫,以猛哥帖木儿为建州左卫指挥使。

永乐四年(1406年),在女真酋长阿哈出的推荐下,明朝政府授女真斡朵里部酋长猛哥帖木儿为建州卫都指挥使(被朝鲜称建州卫斡朵里),因而引起朝鲜的不满。永乐九年(1411年),“猛哥贴木儿尝侵庆源,畏其见伐,徙于凤州。”“永乐十四年(1416年),明朝政府正式设建州左卫于凤州,委任猛哥帖木儿专管建州左卫事宜。永乐二十二年(1424年),与建州卫迁往婆猪江的同时,猛哥贴木儿率部众迁回今朝鲜境内阿木河旧居地。宣德八年(1433年),杨木答兀勾引嫌真兀狄哈首领弗答哈,葛多介前来袭击城寨,杀死猛哥帖木儿和长子阿古等人。

清肇祖开建州左卫于今朝鲜咸镜道庆源郡境,至永乐二十一年,由于明朝与朝鲜之间的政治原因,女真部落入居斡木河流域。明英宗朱祁镇正统五年(1440年),凡察和猛哥帖木儿的次子查山(清人谓之充善,董山)‘畏兀狄哈掳掠,又乏资财,将至饿死’,只好率领余部从朝鲜会宁西迁辽东。同行的300余户,另有百余户留居当地。途中克服种种困难,最后迁至浑河上游的苏子河,与先期迁到当地的李满住部重新会聚到一起。防御外来侵扰的共同需要促使建州卫与建州左卫的部落再度走向联合,使满洲祖先血缘部落间的传统关系又有了新发展。

建州三卫的建制一直延续至明末努尔哈赤统一建州女真各部,直到万历四十四年(1616年)努尔哈赤建国号并正式宣称反明,该建制才被摒弃。

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建州左卫
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