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庶长.
庶长是中国古代官爵名。见于春秋时代至汉代。
春秋时秦国设置有庶长,意为众吏之长、众列之长,为秦执政官之一。以宗族充任,掌握军政大权,在朝则执政,出则治军旅。相当其他各国的卿。[1]其时庶长多系秦室的公子担任,执掌朝政。孝公以前的庶长常有擅权废立之事。秦宁公当时春秋初期,即有大庶长。秦孝公三年初见商鞅(卫鞅),拜之左庶长。[2]
战国时秦孝公令商鞅变法,设立相制,秦武王时又分设左右丞相,此后庶长始失去政治上的地位。成为军功爵位名称。战国时期秦国实行商鞅变法,制定二十等军功爵,其中第十等为左庶长,第十一等为右庶长,第十七等称驷车庶长,第十八等为大庶长。依其爵位高低,获得相应的政治、经济特权。左庶长以上至大庶长都是将军[3]。大庶长位最高,掌军政大权。二十等爵:1公士,2上造,3簪袅,4不更,5大夫,6官大夫,7公大夫,8公乘,9五大夫,10左庶长,11右庶长,12左更,13中更,14右更,15少上造,16大良造,17驷车庶长,18大庶长,19关内侯,20彻侯。
汉承秦制。汉代除沿秦二十等爵制外,汉武帝又创武功爵十七级,第十级亦为左庶长[4]。
- ^ 《左传·襄公十一年》:“秦庶长鲍、庶长武帅师伐晋以救郑。” 《资治通鉴·周纪一》: “秦庶长改逆献公于河西而立之。”
- ^ 《史记·秦本纪》:“乃拜鞅为左庶长。”。
- ^ 《续汉书·百官志》五注引刘劭《爵志》云:“自左庶长以上至大庶长皆卿大夫,皆将军也。”
- ^ 《汉书·百官公卿表上·爵》
- ^ 《元和姓纂》
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