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底栖生物

巨蚌,一种大型的底栖生物

底栖生物是指任何在海底海床附近的生命,在希腊语有“海的底部”的意思,有的时候底栖生物也会指在底或底的生物,因此也属于淡水生物学的一环,典型的栖地生物有海星蚌类海参海葵等。

生态

大多数的底栖生物处于食物链的中间位置。海洋中有机物的制造者(浮游单细胞藻类、大型底栖藻类、少数自营微生物)是植食性浮游动物、底栖生物(如双壳贝类少数腹足类)的食物。有的以大型藻类为食(如藻虾);有的以浮游植物、有机碎屑为食(如大多数双壳贝类、毛虾),在食物链中处于第2级;另有以浮游、底栖动物为食,属食物链的第3级(如螺和许多虾、蟹);而底栖动物又是鱼类等的食物;有的还是人类的食物。

底栖动物适应潜底,或细长具有伸缩能力,或平扁易于挖掘潜伏,有尖形头、足,有能从底表获得水和食物的水管系统,或者能制造水流的构造(如双壳贝类的水管、一些虾蟹的附肢、海葵类的触手等),穴居或管栖的动物有自身份泌的黏液形成的沙管或分泌物形成的管道,称之为栖管。也有一些动物可以在沙内筑巢,如多毛类的海蚯蚓等。

多数底栖动物生活史中都有一个浮游幼体阶段;幼体漂浮在水层中,随水流动,向远处扩散,绝大多数幼体对底质要求很严格,如固着生活的藤壶属,底内生活的类,只定着在适宜的底质上。在粗颗粒沉积少、有机物含量高的区域,常有大量此类生物。

参见

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底栖生物
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