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几乎处处

测度论[注 1]里,若说一个性质为几乎处处成立,即表示不符合此性质的元素组成的集合为一零测集,即其测度等于零的集合。当使用在实数的性质上时,若没有另外提起则假定为勒贝格测度[注 2]

一个有全测度的集合是一个其补集为零测度的集合。

除了说一个性质几乎处处成立之外,偶尔亦可以说一个性质是对几乎所有元素成立的,即使几乎所有这一词有着其他的意义。

下面是包含有“几乎处处”这一词的一些定理:

  •  : 为一勒贝格可积函数且几乎处处大于零,则
  •  : 为一单调函数,则几乎处处可微
  •  : 为勒贝格可积且对所有实数
则存在一零集E(根据)使得若不在内,其勒贝格平均
便会收敛至,当ε趋向至零时。换句话说,的勒贝格平均几乎处处收敛至。集合E则称为的勒贝格集合,且可以证明为零测度的。
  • 上为博雷尔可测的,则对几乎所有,函数为博雷尔可测的。
  • 一有界函数 : ->黎曼可积的,当且仅当其为几乎处处连续的。

在实分析之外,“几乎处处”一词可以用极大滤子定义。例如在超实数的建构中,一个超实数被定义为相对于某一滤子几乎处处相等的等价类。

抽象代数及其相关领域中,“几乎处处”通常指某性质只对给定集合中的有限个元素不成立。

概率论里,这一词变成了“几乎必然”,“几乎确定”或“几乎总是”,相对于一为1的概率

注释

  1. ^ 数学分析的一个分支
  2. ^ 几乎处处(英语:almost everywhere)可以被缩写为“a. e.”;而一些文献也有“p. p.”之类的缩写,其源于同义的法语词组“presque partout

参考

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几乎处处
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