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布儒斯特角 .
布儒斯特角 (Brewster's angle ),又称为起偏振角 ,当入射自然光以此角度 射入界面时,反射光是线偏振 ,并且与折射光线互相垂直[1] 。此角度是以苏格兰 物理学家大卫·布儒斯特(1781年–1868年)命名的[2] [3] 。
当自然光在两种各向同性 介电质的分界面上反射和折射时,光的偏振状态会改变。通常情况下,反射光和折射光不再是自然光,而是部分偏振光,而且在反射光中垂直于入射面的光振动要多于平行振动,而折射光则相反。反射光的偏振化程度与入射角有关,当入射角度等于布儒斯特角时,反射光就成为只有垂直于入射面的线偏振光[4] [5] 。
布儒斯特角等于两种介质的折射率之比的反正切 。
设θ1 为入射角,θ2 为折射角。根据斯涅尔定律 有:
n
1
sin
(
θ
1
)
=
n
2
sin
(
θ
2
)
,
{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \left(\theta _{1}\right)=n_{2}\sin \left(\theta _{2}\right),}
如果反射角和折射角垂直,则:
n
1
sin
(
θ
B
)
=
n
2
sin
(
90
−
θ
B
)
=
n
2
cos
(
θ
B
)
.
{\displaystyle n_{1}\sin \left(\theta _{B}\right)=n_{2}\sin \left(90-\theta _{B}\right)=n_{2}\cos \left(\theta _{B}\right).}
整理,得:
θ
B
=
arctan
(
n
2
n
1
)
,
{\displaystyle \theta _{B}=\arctan \left({\frac {n_{2)){n_{1))}\right),}
其中n 1 和n 2 为该两种介质的折射率 。
偏振墨镜 使用了布儒斯特角的原理来减少从水面或者路面反射的偏振光[6] 。
摄影师利用相同的原理来减少水面、玻璃或者其他非金属反射的太阳光[6] 。
使用相机的偏光镜旋转到两个不同的角度拍摄同一个窗子。在左图中,偏光镜的角度与窗子反射的偏振角对齐。在右图,偏光镜旋转了90°,消除了严重偏振的反射光。
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