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布儒斯特角

布儒斯特角Brewster's angle),又称为起偏振角,当入射自然光以此角度射入界面时,反射光是线偏振,并且与折射光线互相垂直[1]。此角度是以苏格兰物理学家大卫·布儒斯特(1781年–1868年)命名的[2][3]

理论

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当自然光在两种各向同性介电质的分界面上反射和折射时,光的偏振状态会改变。通常情况下,反射光和折射光不再是自然光,而是部分偏振光,而且在反射光中垂直于入射面的光振动要多于平行振动,而折射光则相反。反射光的偏振化程度与入射角有关,当入射角度等于布儒斯特角时,反射光就成为只有垂直于入射面的线偏振光[4][5]

布儒斯特角等于两种介质的折射率之比的反正切

设θ1为入射角,θ2为折射角。根据斯涅尔定律有:

如果反射角和折射角垂直,则:

整理,得:

其中n1n2为该两种介质的折射率

应用

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偏振墨镜使用了布儒斯特角的原理来减少从水面或者路面反射的偏振光[6]

摄影师利用相同的原理来减少水面、玻璃或者其他非金属反射的太阳光[6]

使用相机的偏光镜旋转到两个不同的角度拍摄同一个窗子。在左图中,偏光镜的角度与窗子反射的偏振角对齐。在右图,偏光镜旋转了90°,消除了严重偏振的反射光。

参考资料

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  1. ^ 林宇恒. 布儒斯特定律的理论解释 (PDF). 济宁学院物理系. [2016-05-27]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-07-01) (中文). 
  2. ^ David Brewster (1815) "On the laws which regulate the polarisation of light by reflection from transparent bodies,"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 105: 125-159.
  3. ^ Lakhtakia, Akhlesh. Would Brewster recognize today's Brewster angle? (PDF). Optics News (OSA). June 1989, 15 (6): 14–18 [2016-05-27]. doi:10.1364/ON.15.6.000014. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-06-28). 
  4. ^ 张三慧. 大學物理學 熱學、光學、量子物理(第三版)B版. 清华大学出版社. 2009-02: 250. 
  5. ^ 布魯斯特角 (Brewster's angle):. 镭射知识网. [2016-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-15) (中文). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 周泓宇 樊智慧. 浅谈布儒斯特角及其光学应用. 大连理工大学物理与光电工程学院. [2016-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-20) (中文). 
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布儒斯特角
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