布局 (围棋)
| 围棋 |
|---|
 |
| 游戏详述 |
| 历史与文化 |
| 棋手与棋手组织 |
| 计算机与数学 |
布局，又称布石，围棋术语，指围棋的开局走法。一局棋通常分为布局，中盘，官子三个阶段。围棋以占地为目的。在布局阶段，对局双方各自抢占棋盘上的空地，同时尽量阻止对方占地，由此导入中盘战斗。布局和中盘的区分并不明确。有的对局在棋盘上所有“大场”（开阔的空地）被双方瓜分以后才进入中盘战斗；有的对局则从一个角上就开始激烈战斗并蔓延至全盘。布局阶段，落子尚少，盘面尚大，无法作精确的计算，因而考校的是棋手的大局观和棋感。
布局理论的发展简史
[编辑]古代中国围棋，为了防止“模仿棋”以及限制先行优势而实行“座子制”，即行棋前预先在角上四个对角星位各摆上两颗白子和两颗黑子后由白棋先著。公元16世纪日本废除座子制。日本古代围棋的布局讲究行棋坚实，以小目开局为主，代表性的布局有本因坊秀策所创的“秀策流”。昭和时代，吴清源和木谷实突破了小目开局的惯例，尝试以星位和三三开局，史称“新布局”时代，由此开创了重视行棋效率和扩张速度的现代布局，后来，布局很大的程度上受到贴目新规则的影响。1970年代，武宫正树将这一理念推向极致，创造了完全以星位开局（三连星），以中腹围空为目的的“宇宙流”。
近年来中国棋手大量研究后多使用中国流布局，以及变形的迷你中国流布局，也被韩国，日本的许多棋手采用，成为近代棋战中极常出现的布局。
布局的基本思想
[编辑]围棋有谚语“金角银边草肚皮”，即以围空效率而言，角上最高，中腹最差。所以布局的一般顺序也遵循由角到边的原则。一局棋往往以占角开始，继之以守角和挂角（阻止对方守角）形成角上的攻防，然后是拆边和分投（阻止对方拆边），即所谓“占大场”。布局时行棋以三四线为主，其中三线利于围边空，称为“实利线”，四线利于形成厚势，称为“厚势线”。棋手也因对实利和厚势的偏爱，而分为“实利派”，“厚势派”。
常见布局流派
[编辑]现代围棋多以小目和星位占角开局，常见的布局为:
二连星
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三连星
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中国流
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小林流
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迷你中国流
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星无忧角
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布局的定式
[编辑]参见主条目定式
挂角以后即形成角上攻防。角上攻防是布局中的重要部分，应对不当会导致全盘受制。因此长期以来人们都在探求各种情况下的最佳应对方式。经过长期研究总结公认的双方均可接受的“两分”着法就称之为定式。同布局流派一样，以占角方式不同，定式也分为
- 星定式
- 小目定式
- 目外定式
- 高目定式
- 三三定式
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