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市场失灵

虽然工厂提供工作和工资,但它们也是市场失灵的一个例子,因为它们通过空气传播的污染物对周边地区造成负外部性

新古典经济学中,市场失灵(英语:market failure)是指自由市场对商品和服务的分配不是帕累托效率的情况,通常会导致经济价值净损失[1] 市场失灵可以被视为个人追求纯粹的自身利益导致经济效率低下的情况—从社会的角度来看,这种情况可以得到改善。[2][3] 经济学家首次使用该术语是在 1958 年[4],但这个概念可以追溯到维多利亚时代的哲学家亨利·西季威克[5] 市场失灵通常与公共物品[6]动态不一致[7]信息不对称[8]非竞争性市场代理问题外部性[9]有关。

市场失灵的存在往往是自我管制组织(英语:Self-regulatory organization,如专业协会)、政府或超国家机构干预特定市场的原因。[10][11] 经济学家,尤其是微观经济学家,常常关心市场失灵的原因和可能的纠正方法。[12] 这种分析在许多类型的公共政策决策和研究中发挥着重要作用。

然而,税收补贴工资政策价格管制以及行政法规等政府政策干预也可能导致资源配置效率低下,有时称为政府失灵[13] 大多主流经济学家认为,在某些情况下(如建筑规范或濒危物种),政府或其他组织有可能改善低经济效率的市场结果。几个非主流经济学流派不同意并认为这是意识形态问题。[14]

市场经济中的人类活动耗尽关键的不可再生资源、破坏脆弱的生态系统或超载生物圈污染吸收能力时,生态市场失灵就存在了。在这些情况下,帕累托效率的标准都没有得到满足。[15] 对导致社会负面外部性的人类活动进行检查至关重要。

原理

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帕累托最优也称为帕累托效率(Pareto Efficiency)、帕累托最佳配置,是博弈论中的重要概念,并且在经济学, 工程学和社会科学中有着广泛的应用。就帕累托而言,在个人所愿意付费的价格基础上,社会中所有的财货会以此标准加以制造生产,所有的交易,以任何可能增进福利的型态进行,所有的企业以最高效率生产财货或服务,并追求最大利益,所有的消费者皆能得到最大的效用。但在现实世界中,因受到许多因素,使市场无法达到完全竞争、供需理想状态。传统的微观经济学者,将违反帕累托效率的经济市场原则称为“市场失灵”。

原因

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导致市场失灵的原因可能是一种或多方面的[16]

完全竞争模型的其他限制

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  • 交易吊滞市场,包括卡特尔等企业联盟性质,限制市场供给。
  • 偏好,产品消费和选择上,消费者有一定的个人偏好和倾向。
  • 不确定性,包括道德风险逆向选择、风险误解等。
  • 跨期问题,包括非贸易资产和破产
  • 调整成本,主要包括粘性价格等反映充分利用的资源问题。
  • 总体经济动力学,商业活力等总体经济领域影响。

市场失灵的型态

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相关条目

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参考文献

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  1. ^ NSW Government. A guide to categorising market failures for government policy development and evaluation (PDF). New South Wales Department of Industry. 2017 [2023-03-23]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-06). 
  2. ^ John O. Ledyard (2008). "market failure," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed. Abstract.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ Paul Krugman and Robin Wells (2006). Economics, New York, Worth Publishers.
  4. ^ Francis M. Bator (1958). "The Anatomy of Market Failure," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 72(3) pp. 351–379页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (press +).
  5. ^ Steven G. Medema (2007). "The Hesitant Hand: Mill, Sidgwick, and the Evolution of the Theory of Market Failure," History of Political Economy, 39(3), p p. 331页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)–358. 2004 Online Working Paper. 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2007-09-27.
  6. ^ Joseph E. Stiglitz (1989). "Markets, Market Failures, and Development," American Economic Review, 79(2), pp. 197–203.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ •Ignacio Palacios-Huerta (2003) "Time-inconsistent preferences in Adam Smith and David Hume," History of Political Economy, 35(2), pp. 241–268 [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  8. ^ • Charles Wilson (2008). "adverse selection," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2nd Edition. Abstract.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)    • Joseph E. Stiglitz (1998). "The Private Uses of Public Interests: Incentives and Institutions," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), pp. 3–22.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  9. ^ J.J. Laffont (2008). "externalities," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed. Abstract.页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  10. ^ Kenneth J. Arrow (1969). "The Organization of Economic Activity: Issues Pertinent to the Choice of Market versus Non-market Allocations," in Analysis and Evaluation of Public Expenditures: The PPP System, Washington, D.C., Joint Economic Committee of Congress. PDF reprint as pp. 1–16页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (press +).
  11. ^ Gravelle, Hugh; Ray Rees. Microeconomics. Essex, England: Prentice Hall, Financial Times. 2004: 314–346. 
  12. ^ Mankiw, Gregory; Ronald Kneebone; Kenneth McKenzie; Nicholas Row. Principles of Microeconomics: Second Canadian Edition. United States: Thomson-Nelson. 2002: 157–158. 
  13. ^ Weimer, David; Aidan R. Vining. Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice需要免费注册. Prentice Hall. 2004. ISBN 9780131830011. 
  14. ^ Mankiw, N. Gregory. Brief Principles of Macroeconomics. South-Western Cengage Learning. 2009: 10–12. 
  15. ^ Daly, Herman E.; Farley, Joshua (2011). Ecological Economics. Principles and Applications (PDF contains full textbook) (2nd ed.). Washington: Island Press. ISBN 978-1597266819.
  16. ^ Dsavid L.Weimer; Aidan R.Vining. Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice. Pearson: Prentice Hall. 2005: 130页. ISBN 013183001-5. Fourth Edition (英语). 
  17. ^ DeMartino, George (2000). Global Economy, Global Justice. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-415-22401-7.M1.
  18. ^ 三星等企业被罚 反垄断之剑纠正市场失灵页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 中国经济网 2014-06-01
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市场失灵
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