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岁寒三友

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赵孟坚《岁寒三友图》

岁寒三友,指三种植物。因这三种植物在寒时节仍可保持顽强的生命力而得名,是中国传统文化中高尚人格的象征,传到日本后又加上长寿的意义。

松和竹在严寒中不落叶,梅在寒里开,有“清廉洁白”节操的意思,是古代文人的理想人格日本平安时代由中国传入松竹梅,江户时代起又有吉祥的意义。

中国宋朝时,岁寒三友常作为文人画水墨画的题材,如文同苏轼作品元朝明朝陶瓷器也常有松竹梅的图案。日本的陶瓷器、漆器、织染也常用松竹梅图案,常用于门松女儿节人形节日装饰以及添丁、婚礼等喜庆事上面,常与鹤龟之类的主题一起用。

位于日本东京都天皇皇宫的正殿有三间厅堂,分别称“松之殿”、“竹之殿”和“梅之殿”。其中,松之殿级别最高,是日本皇室进行正规仪式的场所。另外,在日本的寿司店中,往往也以“松竹梅”表示寿司拼盘的档次规格,而日本的定食也会以“松竹梅”表示规格;通常来说,规格最高为,次之为,最末为,但有时候也会有相反的排序。

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岁寒三友
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