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屈服

屈服强度,英文 (Yield Strength),即屈服应力弹性限度,或称强韧度,在机械与材料科学的定义中,屈服点是应力-应变曲线上的一个点,该点表示弹性行为的极限和塑性行为的开始。在屈服点以下,材料将弹性变形,其应力应变比值固定呈一条直线,并在去除应用的应力后恢复到其原始形状。一旦超过屈服点,一部分变形将是永久的和不可逆的,被称为塑性变形,有延展性的材料受力在屈服点以上时,应力应变比值不再固定,再稍微增加受力后就会产生破断的应力值(即极限应力, Ultimate stress)。

屈服强度或屈服应力是一种材料性质,是对应于材料开始塑性变形的屈服点的应力,在机械结构的设计、制造上是相当重要的指标。在设计上来说,屈服强度被当作是机械组件受力的极限负载,用来判断结构的破坏与否,因为它代表了可以施加而不产生永久变形的应力上限。屈服是一种渐进的失效模式,通常不会像极限失效那样灾难性。在制造上,屈服强度可用来作为工件成形的控制,像是锻造、滚轧、抽拉和挤制等成形。

在固体力学中,可以用三维主应力()来指定屈服点,并使用屈服面或屈服准则。针对不同的材料有各种屈服准则定义,延展性材料如铝,非线性行为是渐进开始的,并且没有精确的屈服点。在这种情况下,偏移屈服点被定义为发生0.2%塑性变形的应力。

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屈服
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