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尾综骨

鸽子骨架,尾综骨的编号为17
北方泽𫛭的躯干骨骼图绘(腹面朝右),脊柱末端的镰刀形骨骼即为尾综骨

尾综骨(英语:pygostyle)是鸟类部分尾椎愈而形成的结构,它用于支撑尾部羽毛和肌肉。尾综骨是尾臀(英语:uropygium)的主要组成部分,这一隆起可以在被烹饪的鸟类的后面清晰看见(如火鸡

进化

在1亿3000至4000万年的白垩纪早期,这一结构就开始演化。已知最早具有该结构的物种是孔子鸟。这种结构具有进化优势,因为在始祖鸟等物种中发现的完全可移动的尾翼不利于其控制飞行。 现代鸟类在其胚胎状态下仍会发育较长的尾椎骨,后来融合形成尾综骨。 尾综骨有两种主要类型:第一种见于孔子鸟、反鸟类和其他中生代鸟类,以及像窃蛋龙科的天青石龙,牠们的尾综骨长而呈杆状或匕首状。 具有这种尾综骨的恐龙均未显示出发达的舵羽。这些动物的尾羽由柔软的绒毛组成,有时由2至4个中央“飘带”组成,例如在孔子鸟的一些标本或副原鸟中发现的那样[1]。 相比之下,尾综骨在陆地天青石龙中的功能尚不清楚。但是,值得注意的是,它的年长亲戚尾羽龙没有尾羽,而具有对称的羽毛,这些羽毛可能用于社交场合[2]。也许这样的装饰品在近颌龙超科及其亲缘物种中很普遍,窃蛋龙科的动物最终进化出了尾综骨来支撑它们。 另一种尾综骨类型是犁头形的。 它在扇尾类(鸟类及其近亲)中发现,几乎在所有飞行物种中都与操纵中使用的一系列发达的舵羽。 它们的中央直接与尾综骨相连,就像在孔子鸟中一样。 扇尾类的其他骨架被固定在适当的位置,并通过称为舵羽球(拉丁语bulbi rectricium,英语:rectricial bulbs)的结构移动。 已知最古老具有这种方式的物种是Hongshanornis longicresta英语Hongshanornis longicresta[3][4]

参考资料

  1. ^ Clarke et al. (2006)
  2. ^ Xu, X.; Zheng, X.; You, H. Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers. Nature. 2010, 464 (7293): 1338–1341. PMID 20428169. doi:10.1038/nature08965. 
  3. ^ O'Connor, J.K.; Gao, K.-Q.; Chiappe, L.M. A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2010, 30 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1080/02724631003617498. 
  4. ^ Clarke, Julia A.; Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng. Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui. Journal of Anatomy. 2006, 208 (3): 287–308. PMC 2100246可免费查阅. PMID 16533313. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x. 

外部链接

Electronic Appendix

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尾综骨
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