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小令.
小令是元朝散曲的一种,同时也是宋词的一种分类。可能发源自宋朝的鼓子词[1]。
散曲又分套曲与小令两种,元曲可以随加衬词,故字数不一。小令原是民间的小调,元时宋词渐渐凋零,伶人多向民间小调寻求突破。文人的小令多半较典雅,民间的小令语言俚俗。小令以描写为主,比起唐、宋诗词通俗生动,确有一番独特风格与精神。一般以58字以内为小令[2],但近世学者多舍弃以字数的分类,而用字数的分法渐渐只有在宋词上使用。
《四库全书总目》卷一百九十九引《类编草堂诗余提要》说:“词家小令、中调、长调之分自此书始。后来词谱依其字数以为定式,未免稍拘,故为万树《词律》所讥。”
注释
- ^ 秦玉雯.论元小令与宋鼓子词的渊源[J].汉字文化,2019,No.244(24):53-54.DOI:10.14014/j.cnki.cn11-2597/g2.2019.24.028.
- ^ 万树《词律·凡例》说:“所谓定例,有何所据?若以少一字为短,多一字为长,必无是理。如《七娘子》有五十八字者,有六十字者,将名之曰小令乎,抑中调乎?如《雪狮子》有八十九字者,有九十二字者,将名之曰中调乎,抑长调乎?”王力《汉语诗律学》说:“我们以为词只须分为两类:第一类是62字以内的小令,唐五代词大致以这范围为限;第二类是63字以外的慢词,包括《草堂诗余》所谓中调和长调,它们大致是宋代以后的产品。”
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