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密度波理论

结合来自哈伯史匹哲太空望远镜星系演化探测器太空望远镜的资料合成的M81影像。

密度波理论(英语:Density wave theory),或称林-徐密度波理论Lin–Shu density wave theory),是林家翘徐遐生两位天文物理学家在1960年代中期为解释旋涡星系的旋臂结构所推出的理论,他们的理论引进了长期存在的理想准静态密度波(也称为heavy sound[1]),他们选择让星系盘有较高一点的密度(大约高10-20%)[2]。这个理论也成功的运用在土星环

星系旋臂

由于旋涡星系的自转是较差自转,内部的自转角速度大于外部的角速度,旋臂本应当越缠越紧,最终完全缠绕在一起。实际情况却并非如此。1942年,瑞典天文学家林德布拉德首先提出了密度波的思想,1964年,天文学家林家翘徐遐生等人建立了系统的密度波理论。密度波理论认为,旋涡星系的旋臂是恒星绕星系中心运动时空间分布较密集的区域。组成旋臂的恒星并非始终处于旋臂中,而是有进有出。在旋臂后方,恒星不断进入旋臂,由于恒星密集,引力场加强而被减速,在旋臂前方,旋臂中的恒星速度加快,走出旋臂。因此旋涡星系能够在整体上维持旋臂结构的图案,并且旋臂是与星系的自转方向同向的。密度波理论成功地解释了旋臂结构的成因,得到了很多观测事实的支持,但仍有一些问题尚不清楚。

应用在土星环

从1970年代晚期开始,Peter Goldreich、徐遐生和其他一些人将密度波理论应用在土星环[3][4][5]。土星环(特别是A环)包含许多由卫星激发出林德布拉德共振与垂直共振产生的螺旋臂密度波。虽然土星环因为中心的质量(土星自己)相较于盘面是非常大的,造成螺旋臂是更紧密并且受到伤害(通常只能延伸数百公里),但主要的物理机制与星系相同[5]卡西尼任务揭露了许多由环中的卫星阿特拉斯激发出的非常小的密度波,和由巨大的卫星造成的高阶共振[6],并且波的形式会因为JanusEpimetheus的轨道变化而随着时间改变[7]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1974ARA&A..12..113K Page 113. [2022-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-06). 
  2. ^ Carroll, Bradley W. and Dale A. Ostlie. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics. Addison Wesley. 2007: 967. 
  3. ^ Goldreich, Peter; Tremaine, Scott. The formation of the Cassini division in Saturn's rings. Icarus (Elsevier Science). May 1978, 34 (2): 240–253. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(78)90165-3. 
  4. ^ Goldreich, Peter; Tremaine, Scott. The Dynamics of Planetary Rings. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. (Annual Reviews). September 1982, 20: 249–283. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001341. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Shu, Frank H., Waves in planetary rings, Greenberg, R.; Brahic, A. (编), Planetary Rings, Tucson: University of Arizona Press: 513–561, 1984 [2009-04-13], (原始内容存档于2017-04-19) 
  6. ^ Tiscareno, M.S.; Burns, J.A.; Nicholson, P.D.; Hedman, M.M.; Porco, C.C. Cassini imaging of Saturn's rings II. A wavelet technique for analysis of density waves and other radial structure in the rings. Icarus (Elsevier). July 2007, 189 (1): 14–34. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.025. 
  7. ^ Tiscareno, M.S.; Nicholson, P.D.; Burns, J.A.; Hedman, M.M.; Porco, C.C. Unravelling temporal variability in Saturn's spiral density waves: Results and predictions. Astrophysical Journal (American Astronomical Society). 2006-11-01, 651: L65–L68. doi:10.1086/509120. 

外部资料来源

Bertin, Giuseppe. 2000. Dynamics of Galaxies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bertin, G. and C.C. Lin. 1996. Spiral Structure in Galaxies: A Density Wave Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press.

C.C. Lin, Yuan, C., and F.H. Shu, "On the Spiral Structure of Disk i Galaxies III. Comparison with Observations", Ap.J. 155, 721 (1969). (SCI)

Yuan, C.,"Application of Density-Wave Theory to the Spiral Structure of the Milky Way System I. Systematic Motion of Neutral Hydrogen", Ap.J., 158, 871 (1969). (SCI)

进一步阅读

  • Rohlfs, K., Lectures on Density Wave Theory, SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 1977.
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密度波理论
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