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宫女 .
唐代 永泰公主 墓室壁画 的宫女 。宫女 ,也称宫人 ,狭义上指君主 、其家庭的女仆 或侍女 ,广义上指君主后宫 包括妃嫔 的所有女性,较为高级的宫女则称为女官 。在不同的国家、朝代,宫女主要的职能是为君主、其家庭的做杂役,为皇家提供音乐 、舞蹈 等娱乐。在君主专制政体中,宫女被视为君主的准妾室 。宫女被君主临幸后,一般会进行册封 ,获得妃嫔位号。中国历史 上,亦有宫女被皇帝临幸后,虽被视为皇帝的妾室,但未受册封为妃嫔的例子,如明朝的戴银娘 、胡氏 等人。有些更没有妾室地位,只维持宫中仆役身份。宫女的来源可能是强制,如奴隶、战俘、罪犯之眷属、宫女才选。也有一些情况下是自愿的,如明代宣宗起秀女多选幼女,养之教之,以礼教阴礼御婢。
中国
年华老去的宫女,可以退宫。帝王登基时,往往都会把宫人放出民间。在唐代,有些宫女退宫后会进入道观修道。[1]
明代洪武朝即欲规范退宫制度,洪武廿二年曾下诰敕令其外有家者,或五载或六载,归其父母,听从婚嫁。除新帝登基,常以灾异大放宫女,若太长未放宫女,儒臣必以阴阳之理规劝皇帝,以阴气怨气不滞留宫中,加上紫禁城空间最多就容纳不到3000宫女,放年长宫女进年轻的宫女,少有皇帝不允的。
朝鲜
李氏朝鲜 每年从两班 、中人 、常民 、白丁 阶层的女孩中挑选宫女。入宫后为见习的小宫女,小宫女通过考试后成为正式的宫女,称为内人 ;由于有可能被王上看中而成为他的女人,故入宫时要鉴明仍是处子之身。资深宫女通过考核可升为尚宫。最高为提调尚宫 ,掌管一座宫殿 的事务。宫女在年老体衰的时候,或者主人去世守丧3年后可以退宫。退宫的宫女亦不得婚嫁,故此除了成为王上的妃嫔,等于要终身守贞。
在朝鲜王朝实录中,可能为了称呼方便,广义的将嫔妃与宫女都称为宫人。
土耳其
奥斯曼帝国 的宫女来源为女奴 或自愿。宫女一般是在后宫做杂役,通常由太后 管辖。非常美丽或有才艺的宫女,可能会被训练之后引见给苏丹 ,得到苏丹宠幸后,有机会升为嫔妃 。
参考资料
^ 李丰楙:《忧与游:六朝隋唐游仙诗论集》(台北:台湾学生书局,1996),页325。
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