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梅涅劳斯定理

情况1:直线LNM穿过三角形ABC
情况2:直线LNM在三角形ABC外面(M与N位置可能有错)


梅涅劳斯定理Menelaus' theorem),以古希腊数学家梅涅劳斯英语Menelaus of Alexandria为名。它指出:如果一直线与的边BCCAAB或其延长线分别交于LMN,则有:

它的逆定理也成立:若有三点LMN分别在的边BCCAAB或其延长线上(有一点或三点在延长线上),且满足

LMN三点共线。利用这个逆定理,可以判断三点共线。 如果在上式中线段用有向线段表示,那么右面的结果为-1。

该定理与塞瓦定理的等式仅在条件上有所不同,二者互为对偶定理。

证明

面积法证明

如情况一,连接,有

正弦定理证明

如情况一,设,则在中由正弦定理,有

同理,因对顶角相等在中有

三式相乘即得

历史

目前不确定是谁首先发现了梅涅劳斯定理。现存最早的关于定理的内容出现在梅涅劳斯的著作《球面三角学》中。在本书中,定理的平面版本被用作证明该定理的球形版本的引理。[1]

在《天文学大成》中,托勒密将该定理应用于球形天文学中的许多问题。[2]伊斯兰黄金时代,穆斯林学者投入了大量从事梅涅劳斯定理研究的著作,他们称之为“关于割线的命题”(shakl al-qatta')。完全四边形在他们的术语中被称为“割线图”。比鲁尼的作品“天文学的钥匙”列出了其中的一些作品;这些作品都可被归类为托勒密的《天文学大成》内容的一部分,如al-Nayrizi和al-Khazin的作品,其中每个作品都展示了梅涅劳斯定理的特殊形式(如用角的正弦表示的等式),或作为独立论文组成的作品,例如:

塔比·伊本·库拉撰写的“关于割线图的论述”(Risala fi shakl al-qatta')。[2] Husam al-DIn al-Salar的《揭开割线图的奥秘》(Kashf al-qina'as asrar al-shakl al-qatta'),也被称为《割线图之书》(Kitab al-shakl al-qatta') ,或在欧洲被称为“完全四边形的论文”。 Al-Tusi和Nasir al-Din al-Tusi提到了其中丢失的内容。[2] 阿尔·锡杰齐的工作。[3] Abu Nasr ibn的《Tahdhib》。[3] Roshdi Rashed和Athanase Papadopoulos,Menelaus'Spherics的早期翻译和al-Mahani'/ al-Harawi的版本(来自阿拉伯手稿的Menelaus Spherics的重要版本,以及历史和数学评论), De Gruyter, Series: Scientia Graeco-Arabica, 21, 2017, 890 pages. ISBN 978-3-11-057142-4

延伸阅读

  • Russell, John Wellesley. Ch. 1 §6 "Menelaus' Theorem". Pure Geometry. Clarendon Press. 1905. 

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Smith, D.E. History of Mathematics II. Courier Dover Publications. 1958: 607. ISBN 0-486-20430-8. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Rashed, Roshdi. Encyclopedia of the history of Arabic science 2. London: Routledge. 1996: 483. ISBN 0-415-02063-8. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Moussa, Ali. Mathematical Methods in Abū al-Wafāʾ's Almagest and the Qibla Determinations. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy (Cambridge University Press). 2011, 21 (1). doi:10.1017/S095742391000007X. 

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梅涅劳斯定理
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