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奥耳波特计量表

奥耳波特计量表,亦称作“奥耳波特偏见计量表”,是一种用来量度社会偏见的程度的记量方式,由美国心理学高尔顿·奥尔波特的著作《偏见的本质》中衍生而来[1] [2]

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奥耳波特计量表有五个等级,分别是:

  • 第一级:仇恨言论(Antilocution)。这个等级出现于不少社会中,主要情况是主流群体的人可以随意取笑其他的少数群体。而言论中则有不少负面性的惯性思维刻板印象[3],被称为仇恨言论。普遍认为这对社会无害,却是酿成其他严重偏见的主因。
  • 第二级:回避(Avoidance)。主流群体往往刻意回避少数群体[2] 。这虽然没有造成直接的伤害,但是,由于少数群体感到孤立而处于受害的状态比较常见,尤见于小型社会(如学校)中,这也是法律限度内的最小分群方式。
  • 第三级:歧视(Discrimination)。主流群体通过否认少数群体拥有的机会和理应得到的服务而在实际行动中造成了不公平[2]。动作行为者有意地伤害少数群体,如阻止他们实现目标、得到教育或工作等等。主流群体主动地伤害少数群体,一般是会被认为非法的行为,不过如果少数群体是移民籍身份,有可能还是申诉无果。

此计量表不应同奥耳波特和罗斯宗教取向计量表(1967年发表,用来计算个人对宗教信仰的热忱程度)混同。

参考文献

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引用

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  1. ^ Allport,Gordon. The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley. 1954. ISBN 0-201-00179-9. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Watson, Peter. Psychology and Race. Transaction Publishers. 2007: 45–46 [2011-05-21]. ISBN 0-202-30929-0. (原始内容存档于2014-01-22). 
  3. ^ Mullen,, B.; Leader, T. Linguistic factors: Antilocution, ethnophaulisms, ethnonyms, and other varieties of hate speech.. Dovidio, J.F., ed. (编). On the Nature of Prejudice: Fifty Years After Allport.. Wiley/Blackwell. 2005: 192–208. [2011-05-21]. ISBN 978-1-4051-2751-6. (原始内容存档于2019-11-30). 

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奥耳波特计量表
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