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奥卡万戈三角洲

奥卡万戈三角洲
世界遗产
奥卡万戈三角洲
官方名称Okavango Delta(英文)
Delta de l’Okavango(法文)
位置 博茨瓦纳非洲
标准 (7), (9), (10)
登录年份2014(第38届会议
面积2,023,590 ha
(缓冲 2,286,630 ha)
网站UNESCO的记录(英文)

奥卡万戈三角洲(Okavango Delta,或译奥卡凡哥[1]),亦称“奥卡万戈沼泽”,位于博茨瓦纳北部,面积约15,000平方千米(5,800平方哩),是世界上最大的内陆三角洲,由奥卡万戈河注入卡拉哈里沙漠而形成,大部分水通过蒸发蒸腾作用而流失。每年大约有11立方千米(2.6立方哩)的水灌溉三角洲15,000平方千米(5,800平方哩)的土地,剩下的水会流入恩加米湖。该地区曾经是马卡迪卡迪湖英语Lake Makgadikgadi的一部分,该湖泊在全新世早期几乎全部干涸。[2][3]

地理

2016年8月从国际空间站拍摄的奥卡万戈三角洲

奥卡万戈三角洲由季节性的泛滥形成,奥卡万戈河季节变化明显,洪峰在6至8月间,每年约有11立方公里的水流入三角洲。由于三角洲地区地势平坦,其海拔高度变化小于2 m,约60%的水资源因植物的蒸腾作用消失。另有36%因蒸发流失,2%渗入地下,2%汇入恩加米湖[4][5][6]

三角洲中大约70%的岛屿最初是白蚁(主要为大白蚁属)蚁丘,然后树木在土丘上生根,拦截泥沙形成岛屿。酋长岛是三角洲最大的岛屿,由一条断层线形成,长70公里、宽15公里。当水位上涨时,它为大部分常驻野生动物提供了避难所。[7][8]

12月至2月是炎热潮湿的月份,白天温度高达40 °C,夜晚温暖,湿度在50%和80%之间变动。从3月到5月,气温下降,白天最高温度为30 °C,夜间温度温和至凉爽。6月至8月的冬季干燥凉爽,日落后温度会大幅下降,夜晚可能出奇的寒冷,气温仅略高于冰点。9月至11月期间进入雨季,10月对游客来说是最具挑战性的月份:白天的气温通常会超过40 °C,而干燥只是偶尔会被突然的暴雨打破。[9][10]

生态

洪水退去时三角洲的鸟瞰图

奥卡万戈三角洲是各种野生动物的永久和季节性栖息地,现在是一个受欢迎的旅游景点[11]。拥有狮子猎豹非洲水牛非洲象犀牛,其他物种包括长颈鹿角马斑马河马羚羊非洲野狗斑点鬣狗狞猫薮猫土豚土狼野兔蜜獾豪猪疣猪狒狒尼罗鳄[12][13][14]。三角洲还栖息著400多种鸟类,包括非洲鱼鹰非洲水雉非洲琵鹭地犀鸟鸵鸟[15][16]。主要的观鸟区是季节性三角洲和靠近水的莫雷米禁猎区[17]。奥卡万戈三角洲是71种鱼类的家园,包括虎鱼、罗非鱼和各种鲶鱼。鱼的大小范围从1.4 m长的非洲尖齿鲶鱼到仅有3.2 cm长的镰刀倒钩鱼[18]

奥卡万戈三角洲是1068种植物的家园,分属于134科530属。多年生沼泽中有五个重要的植物群落:深水区的纸莎草,浅水区的芒草芦苇Typha capensis(开普香蒲)和多枝扁莎在两者之间生长。通常在多年生沼泽中发现的沼泽优势物种也延伸到季节性淹没区域。纸莎草、芦苇在中等深度的缓慢流动的水中生长最好,并且在河道两侧很突出。在被淹没的草原上方的岛屿和陆地边缘发现了不同的植物群落。这些物种根据其对水的偏好进行定位,例如Philenoptera violacea(苹果叶棠豆)需要很少的水,在多年生沼泽的最高海拔处发现,并且在干燥的季节性沼泽岛屿上很常见,限制在多年生沼泽内岛屿的树木是混合的棕榈林。三角洲陆地的特点是草原和林地群落,由乔木、灌木和林下草本组成,基本上植被明显比沼泽干燥。雨季旱季分明的气候是三角洲地区植物多样性异常高的结果。[19][20]

奥卡万戈三角洲面临人类活动的威胁。2021年4月的初步勘探揭示了沉积岩中的油藏[21],环保主义者担心该项目将产生负面的生态影响,并且一些主要水体可能受到威胁[22][23]。纳米比亚政府已提出在赞比西地区建设水电站的计划,这将在一定程度上调节奥卡万戈河的流量,虽然支持者认为影响很小,但环保主义者认为该项目可能会破坏三角洲大部分丰富的动植物生命[24][25]。由于全球变暖,预计奥卡万戈集水区的年降雨量将减少,气温将升高[26]。全球变暖的影响可能会导致奥卡万戈三角洲的洪氾区范围缩小,这将对该地区的水资源供应以及牲畜饲养和农业活动产生重大影响[27]

世界遗产

2014年的第38届世界遗产委员会上,奥卡万戈三角洲被列入世界遗产名录,登录面积2,023,590 ha,缓冲区面积2,286,630 ha[28]

参考文献

  1. ^ 肯尼迪·沃尔恩. 奧卡凡哥:奇蹟之水. 国家地理杂志中文版. 2004年12月: 42–65. ISSN 1608-2601 请检查|issn=值 (帮助) (中文(台湾)). 
  2. ^ Ross, Karen. Okavango, jewel of the Kalahari. London: BBC Books. 1987. ISBN 0-563-20545-8. OCLC 17978845. 
  3. ^ Ramsar Information Sheet (PDF). 20 November 1996 [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-31). The total drop in altitude between Mohembo and Maun, a distance of440 km, is only 62 metres, giving a gradient of approximately 1:7,000 only 
  4. ^ C. N. Kurugundla; N. M. Moleele; K.Dikgola. Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management (PDF). University of Botswana: 8–9. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-31). 
  5. ^ Wehberg, Jan. Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting. Biodiversity and Ecology. 31 December 2013, 5: 11. doi:10.7809/b-e.00236可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Gumbricht, T. The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications. South African Journal of Geology. 1 September 2001, 104 (3): 243–264. doi:10.2113/1040243. 
  7. ^ Dunford, Chris. Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August. [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20). 
  8. ^ Okavango delta Botswana | Mokoro and boating safaris. Okavango Safaris. [2020-05-29]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20) (美国英语). 
  9. ^ Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time. www.climatestotravel.com. [2020-05-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20). 
  10. ^ UNEP-WCMC. OKAVANGO DELTA. World Heritage Datasheet. 2017-05-22 [2021-05-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-22) (英语). 
  11. ^ Galpine, N. J. Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta—Some lessons (PDF). Ecological Journal. 2006, 7: 55−61 [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-07). 
  12. ^ McCarthy, T. S.; Ellery, W. N.; Bloem, A. Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. African Journal of Ecology. 1998, 36 (1): 44−56. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x. 
  13. ^ Klein, R. Status report for the cheetah in Botswana (PDF). Cat News. 2007,. Special Issue 1: 13−21 [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-31). 
  14. ^ Wallace, K. M.; Leslie, A. J. Diet of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Herpetology. 2008, 42 (2): 361−368. S2CID 46987629. doi:10.1670/07-1071.1. 
  15. ^ Alonso, L. E.; Nordin, L.-A. (编). A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 27. Washington, DC: Conservation International. 2003. ISBN 1-881173-70-4. 
  16. ^ Mbaiwa, J. E.; Mbaiwa, O. I. The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana. International Journal of Wilderness. 2006, 12 (3): 17−41. hdl:10311/28. 
  17. ^ Adrian, Bailey. OKAVANGO; Africa's Wetland Wilderness. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd. 1998: 66–73. ISBN 1868720411. 
  18. ^ Archived copy (PDF). [2011-02-02]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于6 July 2011). 
  19. ^ Ramberg, Lars. Species diversity of the Okavango Delta,Botswana. Aquatic Sciences. 2006, 3: 316 –通过Researchgate. 
  20. ^ Toerien, D. K. Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook. Koedoe. 1976-08-15, 19 (1). ISSN 2071-0771. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179可免费查阅. 
  21. ^ Ltd, Reconnaissance Energy Africa. ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia. www.newswire.ca. [2021-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20) (英语). 
  22. ^ A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region. Yale E360. [2021-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20) (美国英语). 
  23. ^ Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout. Mongabay Environmental News. 2021-03-22 [2021-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20) (美国英语). 
  24. ^ Threats - Okavango Delta. www.okavangodelta.com. [4 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于22 February 2020). 
  25. ^ Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice. 11 March 2016 [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-04). 
  26. ^ ASSAR. What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana (PDF). Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR). 2019 [2022-01-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-31). 
  27. ^ Murray-Hudson, M.; Wolski, P.; Ringrose, S. Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Hydrology. Water Resources in Regional Development: The Okavango River. 2006, 331 (1): 73–84. Bibcode:2006JHyd..331...73M. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041. 
  28. ^ World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana. [2016-03-14]. (原始内容存档于2014-06-25). 

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奥卡万戈三角洲
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