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奏疏

康熙五十七年两广总督杨琳关于广州十三行的奏折

奏疏章表,是东亚古代官吏书写给君主的文书,皇帝用朱砂红笔亲手批后发还原奏人。章表分用以谢恩为“章”,用以陈述事实为“表”。[1]奏疏的内容有多个种类,包括言事、对策、请安等。 明朝分题、奏、表、讲章、书状、文册、揭帖、制对、露布与译。 揭帖经“缄封”则称为密揭,因不经内阁《实录》并不记载这些密揭内容。密疏早在汉代就有[2],密揭则在明初与内阁制度一起形成 。密揭格式上类揭帖,形式上又像密疏,在明万历朝得到很大的应用。 明朝初年,形成密折制度。清朝康熙帝新增奏折[3],也称“折子”,即密奏文书,可以由原奏人秘密直接呈递皇帝而绕开内阁,皇帝通过秘密报告掌控全局,由此实现权力集于君主一身[4]

参见

参考

  1. ^ 章表. 教育部重編國語辭典修訂本. 中华民国教育部. [2015-09-12]. 古代臣子上奏帝王的文书。用以谢恩的称为“章”,用以陈说事情的称为“表”。文选˙曹丕˙典论论文:“琳、瑀之章表书记,今之隽也。”南朝梁˙刘勰˙文心雕龙˙章表:“然则敷奏以言,则章表之义也。” [永久失效链接]
  2. ^ 王剑《明代密疏研究》
  3. ^ 咏仁. 中國古文書. 双语词汇、学术名词暨辞书资讯网. 国家教育研究院. [2015-09-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-03). 
  4. ^ 袁灿兴. 雍正为什么要设立军机处. 澎湃新闻-The Paper. 2021-11-19. (原始内容存档于2021-11-19). 

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奏疏
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