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夜刀神

日语写法
日语原文夜刀の神
假名やとのかみ
平文式罗马字Yatonokami

夜刀神日文やとのかみ)亦称为夜刀之神,乃是日本传说中的神,为土著神(原住民之神),见载于日本地方志常陆国风土记》中。相传夜刀神是一条长有锐角的长蛇,见过祂便会招致灭族之祸,是为人类带来灾祸的蛇神。

概要

神名中的“(日语)やと”具有“谷”之意,亦即山谷或芦苇塘之类的地势,代表夜刀神多出没于此地带。

箭括麻多智

据《常陆国风土记》所载,在常陆一带的新辟田地间常出现为数甚多的蛇群(也就是夜刀神)作恶,妨碍农务。这些夜刀神有着像蛇一般的身躯,头上长有尖角,往往率群而来;且据说当人类目击夜刀神的话,其家门必会破亡,甚至子孙灭绝。当时,有一位名为箭括麻多智之人想要在此地开垦,遂打杀驱逐夜刀神直至高山之下。后来他在山脚与农村之间竖立标记,向蛇群表示:“此山上乃众夜刀神的领域,山下农田则属于老百姓的工作范围。今后我辈将对众神奉祀有加,且世代敬祭,只祈求众神莫对我辈怨恨。”于是麻多智设立爱宕神社以祭祀这些夜刀神,并将此习俗代代相传,至今不绝。

壬生连麿

孝德天皇时期,茨城国造日语茨城国造壬生连麿(或称壬生连麻吕)割茨城地八里、合七百余户另置立方郡。壬生连麿命人占有山谷土地,并在池塘旁筑堤;此举引起夜刀神再次聚集起来。壬生连麿知道此事后便大声说道:“我之所以要修建此池,乃是为了百姓的生活着想,究竟是什么神祇不服从天皇教化?”他更下令给役工,倘若在池边看到任何蛇虫鼠蚁、小鱼杂物,尽管随意施杀。结果这批夜刀神果然隐匿起来,不敢为害;而这方池塘今号“椎井”。

解说

箭括麻多智竖立标记,区隔人类与神灵生活的界线,达到两造相安无事的境界。一般夜刀神为水神的表征,人类开垦山林原野而发展农业作,故祭祀夜刀神乃是为了祈求水利顺遂[1]。《茨城县史》作者志田谆一认为,《常陆国风土记》编纂者(通说是以藤原宇合为主的作者群)受到浓厚的儒教思想影响,将在地的“旧闻轶事”改以儒教化、合理化地改写。既然传说见了夜刀神会招致灭族,显见此神祇是跟农耕息息相关的国魂神。《常陆国风土记》所载之箭括麻多智为了开垦新土地,教导人民祭祀夜刀神,而掌管祭祀的内容即是受到儒教影响。至于身为国造的壬生连麿,其职务便是祭祀国魂神,祈求该地农获丰收。岂料壬生连麿向夜刀神叫嚣,其实象征着斥责不崇敬当地国魂神的郡司日语郡司[2]

相关条目

参考资料

  1. ^ 参看《风土记》,小岛璎礼校注,角川书店,1970年。
  2. ^ 参考《常陆国风土记 儒教思想と民俗》,志田谆一,〈茨城県史 原始古代编〉第5章第6节第3项。
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夜刀神
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