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墓道

墓道坟墓所建筑的道路。可分为陵园地面道路、地下墓室道路两类。

东亚陵园地面道路或称为神道,解释为神行之道。在中国建筑传统中有一定等级和规制[1]

中国

汉朝帝王陵墓地面道路称谓有神道(羡道)、徼道(交道)、司马门道。当代学者刘庆柱、李毓芳解释,神道为“与帝陵四条羡道相连接的地面上的道路”。神道宽百米,“建石柱以为标”,不容任何人侵占。神道外有壖地,禁止他人入葬。有四条神道与墓园的四座司马门相对,又称司马门道、司马道。两汉时,神道为帝陵建筑组成部分,诸侯王多有效仿、僭越[2]:52—53

当代研究者认为,汉代所称“徼道”“交道”,位于墓冢之外。后世或有变更。葛洪抱朴子》所称徼道,则是墓中回廊。当代研究者对汉代所称司马门道的定义有不同解释。除刘庆柱、李毓芳认为司马门道与神道是一道两名外,焦南峰等认为司马门道距帝陵有一定距离,两侧多有陪葬墓。司马门道应指“司马门外横贯陪葬墓园的道路”[2]:54—55

汉光武帝所建原陵在神道两侧建有石刻,为后世效仿。此类石刻称石像生、石仲翁群。由于石刻相对土木结构建筑易留存的特性,成为历代帝陵、王陵的墓地面建筑中,得以长久保存的建筑类型[1]:〡。两汉之后,高等级坟墓也可建神道,并有神道碑[2]:53

明朝帝陵、王陵神道划分等级,正中间较高路面为“王径”,为王族一脉行走。两边略低的路面是“陪径”,左行文臣,右走武将。明孝陵神道跨越御河,建有“一字五桥”。庄简王陵建有三桥[1]:〡,12

注释

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 丁伯雨. 《明代王陵神道石刻艺术研究——以靖江庄简王陵为例》 (硕士论文). 广西师范大学. 2016 [2023-02-17] (简体中文). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 焦南峰、杨武站、曹龙. 《神道、徼道、司马门道——西汉帝陵道路初探》. 文物 (北京市: 文物出版社). 2008, (2008年第12期): 52—56 [2023-02-17]. ISSN 0511-4772 (简体中文). 
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墓道
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