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塞弗特-范坎彭定理

代数拓扑中的塞弗特-范坎彭(Seifert–van Kampen)定理,将一个拓扑空间基本群,用覆盖这空间的两个路径连通的子空间的基本群来表示。

定理叙述

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为拓扑空间,有两个开且路径连通的子空间覆盖,即,并且是非空且路径连通。取中的一点为各空间的基本群的基点。那么从包含映射导出相应基本群的群同态:(以下省略基本群中的基点。)

塞弗特-范坎彭定理指出的基本群,是的基本群的共合积

范畴论来说,是在范畴中图表

推出

这定理可以推广至的任意多个开子空间的覆盖: 设

  • 为路径连通拓扑空间,的一点,
  • 由路径连通的开集组成,为的开覆盖,
  • 任何一个都有点
  • 对任何,都有,使得

,令

为由包含所导出的群同态。又令

为由所导出的群同态。那么有下述的泛性质

为群,对所有有群同态,使得若,则

那么存在唯一的群同态,使得对所有,都有

这个泛性质决定唯一的。(不别群同构之异。)

参考

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  • Massey, William. A Basic Course in Algebraic Topology. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 127. Springer-Verlag. 1991. 
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塞弗特-范坎彭定理
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