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埃迪卡拉纪末期灭绝事件

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埃迪卡拉纪末期灭绝事件(英语:End-Ediacaran extinction)又称震旦纪末期灭绝事件,是一次可能发生在约5.42亿年前埃迪卡拉纪末期的大灭绝。该次事件包括疑源类生物的大型集体灭绝、埃迪卡拉生物群突然消失以及寒武纪大爆发之前的一段地球生命空白期。

前埃迪卡拉纪生物

埃迪卡拉纪(又被称作震旦纪)的地层,有两种主要的化石种类:一种是称作埃迪卡拉生物群的软体生物,其化石被微生物残骸所形成的软垫保存了下来;另一种则是钙化生物(英语:calcifying organisms),例如具有碳酸钙骨架的克劳德管虫英语Cloudina以及纳马篮虫英语Namacalathus[1]。由于这两种生物群同时突然在埃迪卡拉纪末期(约5.42亿年前)消失,他们的灭绝无法简单以原先所猜测的[1]埃迪卡拉型保存层英语Ediacaran type preservation的关闭来解释[2]

后埃迪卡拉纪生物

寒武纪早期(埃迪卡拉纪刚结束)的化石纪录中,出现了生物钻洞的活动量与型态多样性同时突然的增加的现象(寒武纪底质革命英语Cambrian substrate revolution)。然而,寒武纪大爆发所导致的化石增加并没有随即发生。这表示寒武纪大爆发并不是取代原先的生物群而使其灭绝。反之,与现有数据比较相符的解释是因为生态区位的空出,使后来辐射演化出的各种生物能顺利地填入相符的区位[3]

如果在后埃迪卡拉纪时期发现任何埃迪卡拉生物,就表示牠们并非都在寒武纪开始时就绝灭了。有些属于下寒武纪的生物,如奇翼虫英语Thaumaptilon,一度被认为属于埃迪卡拉生物群,但这个假说如今已不再盛行[4]。另一个可能的埃迪卡拉幸存者是Ediacaria英语Ediacaria,因为在上寒武纪地层中有发现疑似是其固着器英语Holdfast (biology)的结构,但科学界尚未有共识。如果这真的是埃迪卡拉生物所留下的遗迹,表示其并未在本次大灭绝中完全消失。然而,反对此说者认为,这些化石实际上并不具有生物性的起源,但越来越多证据表明它应该是一个有机体(或至少是起源于生物,例如微生物菌落)[a],只是与埃迪卡拉生物群无关[5]

幸存的生物种类

显然,有部分生物存活过了这次大灭绝,因此地球上的生命才得以存续至今。然而,只有极少部分的生物种类在埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪交界带两侧被同时发现。其中一种是凝集的有孔虫门生物Platysolenites英语Platysolenites[6]。其他明显的幸存者,例如奇翼虫英语Thaumaptilon,被重新解释为与埃迪卡拉生物群无关。

地质化学证据

埃迪卡拉纪末期地层中,出现了一个负的δ13C英语δ13C偏差讯号。这是一个时常伴随着大灭绝发生而出现的地质化学讯号[7]

沉积证据

这段时期的地质纪录中,有黑色页岩沉积的增加[8],表示著全球性的缺氧[9]。这可能是全球性洋流的变化所造成的[3][8]

注释

  1. ^ 参见条目埃迪卡拉纪

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Amthor, Joachim E.; Grotzinger, John P.; Schröder, Stefan; Bowring, Samuel A.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Martin, Mark W.; Matter, Albert. Extinction of Cloudina and Namacalathus at the Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary in Oman. Geology. 2003, 31 (5): 431–434. Bibcode:2003Geo....31..431A. ISSN 0091-7613. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0431:EOCANA>2.0.CO;2. 
  2. ^ Marshall, Charles R. Explaining The Cambrian "Explosion" Of Animals. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 2006, 34: 355. Bibcode:2006AREPS..34..355M. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.031504.103001. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Wille, M; Nägler, T.F.; Lehmann, B; Schröder, S; Kramers, J.D; Nägler; Lehmann; Schröder; Kramers. Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary. Nature. June 2008, 453 (7196): 767–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..767W. PMID 18509331. doi:10.1038/nature07072. 
  4. ^ Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Brasier, Martin D. Charnia and sea pens are poles apart. Journal of the Geological Society. 2007, 164 (1): 49–51 [2014-11-21]. doi:10.1144/0016-76492006-080. (原始内容存档于2011-09-29). 
  5. ^ MacGabhann, B. A.; Murray, J.; Nicholas, C. Ediacaria booleyi: weeded from the Garden of Ediacara? - The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota. Journal of the Geological Society. 2007,. Special publications 286: 277–295. doi:10.1144/SP286.20. 
  6. ^ Kontorovich, A; Varlamov, A; Grazhdankin, D; Karlova, G; Klets, A; Kontorovich, V; Saraev, S; Terleev, A; Belyaev, S; et al. A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3). Russian Geology and Geophysics. 2008, 49 (12): 932. Bibcode:2008RuGG...49..932K. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012. 
  7. ^ Zhu; Babcock, L; Peng, S. Advances in Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology: Integrating correlation techniques, paleobiology, taphonomy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeoworld. 2006, 15 (3–4): 217. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2006.10.016. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Schroder, S.; Grotzinger, J.P. Evidence for anoxia at the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary: the record of redox-sensitive trace elements and rare earth elements in Oman. Journal of the Geological Society. 2007, 164 (1): 175–187. doi:10.1144/0016-76492005-022. 
  9. ^ Fike, D.A.; Grotzinger, J.P.; Pratt, L.M.; Summons, R.E.; Grotzinger; Pratt; Summons. Multi-Stage Ediacaran Ocean Oxidation and Its Impact on Evolutionary Radiation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2006, 70 (18S): 173–173 [2008-06-30]. Bibcode:2006GeCAS..70Q.173F. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.347. (原始内容存档于2019-06-20). 
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埃迪卡拉纪末期灭绝事件
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