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土官 (台湾)

土官制度为荷兰明郑满清的台湾官方政府,于原住民部落中遴选可负责协调的首脑人物,充当汉人政府与该原住民的沟通管道。其遴选方式可能是由官方指派,亦可能由部落住民推选。而选出的土官并非该族社部落酋长,于两造之间也没有任何绝对的权力。

土官制度并不是平埔族原有的政治制度。平埔族的长老会议,本来并没有首领;荷兰人在与平埔族订立的协约中,都规定各社必须听命于荷兰长官从长老中选出的首领。 荷兰人大概是为了传递命令及召集开会方便,才设置首领。不过,这首领在长老会议中似乎没有突出的权柄,似仅可谓长老会议的代表而已。然而,平埔族的长老会议到了郑、清时期,似逐渐衰微,而首领则成为土官、土目或领目。

《诸罗县志》云:土官之设,始自荷兰,郑氏因之。国朝建设郡县,有司酌社之大小,就人数多寡,给牌各为约束,有大土官、副士官名目,使不相统摄以分其权,且易为制。事实上,这所谓土官是郑、清名目,荷人则称之曰首领。

荷兰时期,平埔族族社首领有由荷人从平埔族长老中选任者,似亦有由族民直接选出者。满清初期,平埔族土官亦是由族众推任,地位并没有特别尊崇之处,有没有任期则未能确知。不过后来似有先由先由族众推举,然后经官方任命,也有由官方迳从社内有力者选任之。被任为土目者,则必须提出结状,获准后给付戳记,以确保其职权。汉人社会制度投射的结果土官制度后来似逐渐成为世袭,并造成了平埔族的贵族阶层。

清领之初,《台湾纪略》即云:土官有正,有副大社至六、七人,小社三、四人。随其支派,各分公廨有事咸集于廨以听议,小番皆宿外供役。土官人数尚多,显有长老会议遗迹。所以在配置数量上,此土官于小型的族群“蕃社”中可能只有一名,大社则会设置正与副多名。选出后,满清政府会给予该土官身份证明或牌照,其权限与任务为约束族群与负责族群行政业务。该土官名称为土目,比叙从九品文官起任,权限则官方公差指派,劳役与收租纳税。族群酋长若任土官者,亦有加授七品武职,于有民乱时,领部落社众从征之。另外,土官也要经由汉人担任的通事来与官方沟通。整的来说,土官的权利与威望既不能与族群酋长相比,也无法跟通事比评。满清政府便是透过通事制度,直接统治平埔族,而通事荼毒平埔族人也几与清领时期相始终。

部分学者更认为,土官设立导致的劳役增多等现象,为平埔族耕地减少与汉化灭绝的原因之一[1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 施添福,《清代岸里地域的族群转换》.

参见

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土官 (台湾)
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