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四海

四海古中国世界观里环绕中国四方之海,四个方位各有一个海。西海是青海湖,东海是东中国海,北海是贝加尔湖,南海是南中国海[1]。其中西、北两个海最初只是象征,直到汉朝对付匈奴的战争,才连系到真实的位置。中国文学诗词歌赋中有提到“四海之内”这个文学的中国称号[2]

历史

青海湖,西海

原本的四海只是汉朝以前中国边境的隐喻[1]。四海中只有两个连系到真实的位置,东海连到东中国海和南海连到南中国海[3]。在汉朝对付匈奴的战争将他们向西带到贝加尔湖,他们记录该湖为“翰海”(大海之意)并指定它为传说中的北海。他们又遇到青海湖,他们称之为西海,他们还遇到新疆罗布泊博斯腾湖。汉朝扩张超越传统的西海,到达巴尔喀什湖,成为帝国最西的边界和汉朝的新西海。探险队曾被派遗去探索波斯湾,但没有再进一步。汉朝的军事扩张在郅支之战后,于公元前36年结束[1]

中国文人墨士常提到四海。贾谊在一篇总结秦朝灭亡的政论,写到虽然秦国成功“囊括四海,并吞八荒”,但其统治者“不施而攻守之势异也”[4]。这个隐喻在成语“四海之内皆兄弟”这个带有乌托邦色彩的谚语中提到。一首汉朝流行的诗歌歌词赞颂“四海皆兄弟,谁为行路人。”(意为四海之内都是兄弟,没有人是不相关的。)[3]

“四海”所代指的地理范围[5]基本与汉地重叠。汉代置有东海、南海、北海、西海四郡。

参见

参考文献

引用

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Chang 2007,第264页.
  2. ^ Chang 2007,第263–264页.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Chang 2007,第263页.
  4. ^ Holcombe 2011,第48页.
  5. ^ 《旧五代史·卷七十·唐书四十六·列传第二十二·李严》严对曰:“吾皇前年四月即位于邺宫,当月下郓州,十月四日,亲统万骑破贼中都,乘胜鼓行,遂诛汴孽,伪梁尚有兵三十万,谋臣猛将,解甲倒戈。西尽甘、凉,东渐海外,南逾闽、浙,北极幽陵。牧伯侯王,称藩不暇,家财入贡,府实上供。吴国本朝旧臣,岐下先皇元老,遣子入侍,述职称藩。淮、海之君,卑辞厚贡,湖湘、荆楚,杭越、瓯闽,异货奇珍,府无虚月。吾皇以德怀来,以威款附。顺则涵之以恩泽,逆则问之以干戈,四海车书,大同非晚。”

来源

书籍
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四海
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