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嘉莱语

嘉莱语
Jarai
母语国家和地区 越南
 柬埔寨
区域越南西原地区
柬埔寨腊塔纳基里省
母语使用人数
26.28万 (2007–2008)[1]
语系
南岛语系
文字越南文字母
官方地位
承认少数语言 越南
 柬埔寨
语言代码
ISO 639-3jra
Glottologjara1266[2]

嘉莱语越南语Cho-RaiChorChraiDjaraiGia-RaiGio-RaiJoraiMthur高棉语ចារ៉ាយCharay[caːraːj])是一种南岛语系马来-波利尼西亚语族语言,是印度支那半岛嘉莱族的母语,其使用范围位于越南南部和柬埔寨东部,使用人数大约为26.28万人(不包括二国以外的侨民)。嘉莱族是越南高地民族中人口最多的一个民族,且占据柬埔寨腊塔纳基里省人口总数的25%。

嘉莱语属于马来-波利尼西亚语族的占语支,与越南中部的占语有亲缘关系。

许多嘉莱人还生活在美国,是因越南战争迁徙来的。

系属分类

嘉莱语在1864年被分类为西马来-波利尼西亚语族马来语群亚齐-占语群南部高原语丛,后来M. Fontaine发现其与越南中部占语、拉地语的相似性。[3]

地理分布与方言

嘉莱语的使用者总数约是26.28万人,主要居住在柬埔寨和越南(Simons, 2017),在当地为官方少数民族语言。柬埔寨嘉莱语用高棉文书写。约有数百嘉莱人还生活在美国,是因越南战争迁徙来的。嘉莱语方言可能不互通。姚徽权(1998)[4]列出下列嘉莱语方言方言及其分布地点。

其他相关族群包括:

音系

受周边孟高棉语族语言影响,东南亚几种占语支的词汇都变成了重音在第二个音节的双音节词。此外,嘉莱与还进一步失去了第一个次要音节几乎所有元音对立。三音节词全部为借词。典型的嘉莱语词汇音节结构如下:

(C)(V)-C(C)V(V)(C)

圆括号内的组分可选,复辅音“C(C)”中的“(C)”表示流音/l/, /r/半元音/w/, /j/。柬埔寨嘉莱方言中,这个“(C)”还可以是浊软颚擦音/ɣ/。双音节词汇第一个音节的元音大多数都是中央元音/ə/,除非声母为声门塞音/ʔ/。第二个元音可以是双元音

字母

20世纪初的法属印度支那时期,殖民者将改编过的越南语字母用于拼写嘉莱语。今日有许多越南嘉莱文出版物。越南加嘉莱文有40个字母-21个辅音+19个元音/34个音素-9个元音音素+25个辅音音素。

1) Aa Ăă Ââ Bb Ƀƀ C̆c̆/Čč Dd Đđ Ee
IPA a: a ɨ b ʔb d ʔd ɛ:
高棉文[5] អះ អា អិ អប ឆដ អេ
2) Ĕĕ Êê Ê̆ê̆/Ēē Gg Hh Ii Ĭĭ Jj DJ dj
IPA ɛ e: e g h i: i ʔ
高棉文 អេ អះ អេ អីះ អី ឌយ អេឌយ
3) Kk Ll Mm Nn Ññ NG ng Oo Ŏŏ Ôô
IPA k l m n ɲ ŋ ɔ: ɔ o:
高棉文 កា អុះ អុ
4) Ô̆ô̆/Ōō Ơơ Ơ̆ơ̆/Ờờ Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ŭŭ
IPA o ə: ə p r s t u: u
高棉文 អូ អឺះ អឺ អូះ អូ
5) Ưư Ư̆ư̆/Ửử Ww Yy
IPA ɯ: ɯ w j
高棉文 អ៊ូ អូ

元音

有9个元音:[6]

i ĩ ɯ u
e ə o
半开 ɛ ɔ
a ã

辅音

有24个辅音:[6]

齿/
齿龈
龈后 硬颚 软腭 声门
塞音 p t k ʔ
送气
b d ɡ
内爆 ɓ ɗ ʄ
塞擦
s h
m n ɲ ŋ
预声门化 ʔm
ɾ
l
w j

内爆音也被描述为预声门化塞音,但据Jensen (2013),声门和口腔的闭合是同时出现的。[6]

参考

  1. ^ 嘉莱语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Jarai. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ David Thomas (1989). A 19th century perception of Chamic relationships. Mahidol University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Link retrieved on 05.01.2017 from http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/16-17:181-182.pdf页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ Đào Huy Quyền (1998). Nhạc khí dân tộc Jrai và Bahnar [Musical instruments of the Jrai and Bahnar]. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản trẻ.
  5. ^ 高棉文发音使用国际音标
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Jensen (2013)

阅读更多

  • Jensen, Joshua M. (2013). The Structure of Jarai Clauses and Noun Phrases. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Lafont, Pierre-Bernard & Nguyễn Văn Trọng (1968). Lexique jarai, français, viêtnamien, parler de la province de Plei Ku. Publications de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, v 63. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient.
  • Pittman, R. S. (1957). Jarai as a member of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages. Fargo, N.D.: Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota.
  • Reed, R. (1976). Jorai primer, guide and writing book. Vietnam education microfiche series, no. VE55-01/08/04. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Rơmah Dêl (1977). Từ Diển Việt - Gia Rai [Vietnamese - Jarai dictionary]. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
  • Tong Nang, N. (1975). An outline of Jarai grammar. Vietnam data microfiche series, no. VD55-01. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Siu, Lap M. (2009). Developing the First Preliminary Dictionary of North American Jarai页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆. Master of Arts thesis in Anthropology, Texas Tech University.

外部链接

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嘉莱语
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