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咔唑

咔唑
IUPAC名
9H-Carbazole[1]
别名 氮芴
识别
CAS号 86-74-8  checkY
PubChem 6854
ChemSpider 6593
SMILES
 
  • c1ccc2c(c1)c3ccccc3[nH]2
InChI
 
  • 1/C12H9N/c1-3-7-11-9(5-1)10-6-2-4-8-12(10)13-11/h1-8,13H
InChIKey UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYAV
ChEBI 27543
DrugBank DB07301
KEGG C08060
性质
化学式 C12H9N
摩尔质量 167.206[2] g·mol⁻¹
密度 1.301g/cm3
熔点 246.3 °C(519 K)
沸点 354.69 °C(628 K)
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

咔唑分子式 C12H9N)是一个多环含氮杂环有机物,其结构式类似芴,将芴的一个原子替换为,因此又称氮芴。咔唑为无色晶体,源自焦油,也可人工合成。它是极弱的碱,可溶于丙酮、苯或醇,难溶于水,是合成染料(如硫化还原蓝RX)、塑料(如聚N-乙烯咔唑)等的原料[3]

咔唑暴露在紫外线会呈现强萤光和长时间的磷光,可用作木质素、糖和甲醛的试剂。[4]

咔唑于1872年由卡尔·格雷贝卡尔·格拉泽德语Carl Glaser煤焦油首次分离。[5][6]它也存在于烟草烟雾中。[7]

合成

Borsche–Drechsel 合成法是在实验室合成咔唑的经典方法。 [8][9]

Borsche–Drechsel 合成

首先苯肼环己酮聚合成上图所示的亚胺氢氯酸随后催化重排反应和环化反应,所得之化合物会被四氧化三铅氧化为咔唑,也可以由二氧化铈作强氧化剂[10]。另一种经典的合成法是Bucherer咔唑合成

此外,透过Graebe–Ullmann反应亦可合成咔唑。

在上图中间,不稳定的1,2,3-三唑在加热下会释出氮气,形成咔唑。 [11][12]

相关化合物

参考文献

  1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014: 212. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. 
  2. ^ Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 88th Edition. CRC Press. 2007: 3–86. ISBN 978-0-8493-0488-0. 
  3. ^ 辞海缩印本 上海辞书出版社1979年版 书号:17187.35
  4. ^ 英汉化学辞典,薛德炯译订,商务印书馆(香港)有限公司,1990年8月第7次印刷,p.227,ISBN 962-07-0010-4
  5. ^ C. Graebe; C. Glaser: Ueber Carbazol. In: Ann. Chem. Pharm. 163 (1872) 343–360.
  6. ^ Rolf Werner Soukup: Chemiegeschichtliche Daten organischer Naturstoffe, Version 2020, S. 49 PDF页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  7. ^ Talhout, Reinskje; Schulz, Thomas; Florek, Ewa; Van Benthem, Jan; Wester, Piet; Opperhuizen, Antoon. Hazardous Compounds in Tobacco Smoke. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2011, 8 (12): 613–628. PMC 3084482可免费查阅. PMID 21556207. doi:10.3390/ijerph8020613可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ W. Borsche. Ueber Tetra- und Hexahydrocarbazolverbindungen und eine neue Carbazolsynthese. (Mitbearbeitet von. A. Witte und W. Bothe.). Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 1908, 359 (1–2): 49–80. doi:10.1002/jlac.19083590103. 
  9. ^ E. Drechsel. Ueber Elektrolyse des Phenols mit Wechselströmen. Journal für praktische Chemie德语Journal für praktische Chemie. 1888, 38 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1002/prac.18880380105 (德语). 
  10. ^ C₁₂H₁₃N + 4CeO₂ + 12HCl ══ C₁₂H₉N + 4CeCl₃ + 8H₂O Borsche-Drechsel cyclization.svg by niomium on DeviantArt. www.deviantart.com. 2024-05-29 [2024-05-29] (英语). 
  11. ^ Carl Graebe; Fritz Ullmann. Ueber eine neue Carbazolsynthese. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie. 1896, 291 (1): 16–17. doi:10.1002/jlac.18962910104. 
  12. ^ O. Bremer. Über die Bedeutung der Graebe-Ullmannschen Carbazolsynthese und deren Übertragung auf N-substituierte Pyridino-triazole. Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 1934, 514: 279–291. doi:10.1002/jlac.19345140116. 
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咔唑
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