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启民可汗

启民可汗古突厥语𐰖𐰢𐰃𐰴𐰍𐰣,拉丁转写: Jаmï qaγan;6世纪—609年),名染干东突厥可汗

生年没有记载。启民可汗染干是莫何可汗处罗侯之子[1],莫何可汗去世后,都蓝可汗雍虞闾立,而染干为突利可汗,居北方。

都蓝可汗娶后母为妻,即北周赵王宇文招之女,号千金公主,后改封大义公主后,隋文帝陈后主宫中屏风赐大义公主,“公主以其宗国之覆,心常不平,书屏风,为诗叙陈亡以自寄”,文帝知道后不悦,后来担心大义公主煽动都蓝可汗入侵,打算铲除公主。此时突利可汗向隋请婚,文帝派裴矩对其使者说:“当杀大义公主者,方许婚。”突利劝告都蓝,后者便杀了公主。

597年,突利迎隋文帝宗女安义公主为妻。隋为了离间都蓝、突利,厚赐突利,都蓝果怒,于是与隋绝交,并联盟西突厥达头可汗合攻突利。599年突利兵败于塞下,与隋使长孙晟入塞,被隋封为意利珍豆启民可汗(意思是“意智健”,简称启民可汗,后避李世民讳称启人),在朔州(今山西朔州)定居。因为都蓝的侵逼,突利迁居于黄河以南,夏、胜二州之间(今内蒙古河套南)。599年底,都蓝被部下刺杀。仁寿元年(601年),突厥达头可汗犯塞,败代州总管韩洪于恒安,隋派杨素等出击,突厥俟斤渡黄河袭扰黄河以南的启民可汗部落,掠走男女6000人、牲畜20余万头,杨素率轻骑追击转战60余里大败突厥[2],把突厥所掠走的男女、牲畜归还给启民可汗 。603年漠北大乱,启民可汗被长孙晟安置在碛口(今内蒙古呼和浩特北),许多部落归附启民,启民便成为东突厥大可汗 [3]

大业三年(607年),启民可汗南下榆林(今内蒙古托克托西南)朝见隋炀帝。大业五年(609年)启民再往东都洛阳朝见炀帝,同年去世,其子咄吉继位,是为始毕可汗。另有子啜罗可汗颉利可汗

注释

  1. ^ 《隋书·长孙晟传》记载染干为处罗侯之子。《通典·突厥传上》亦记载:“沙钵略之弟处罗侯之子,名染干。”《隋书·突厥传》记载“沙钵略子日染干,号突利可汗。”相同。司马光在《通鉴》卷175记染干为沙钵略之子,但卷178却记染干为处罗侯之子。
  2. ^ 资治通鉴·卷一百七十九 隋纪三》:突厥思力俟斤等南渡河,掠启民男女六千口、杂畜二十余万而去。杨素帅诸军追击,转战六十余里,大破之,突厥北走。
  3. ^ 资治通鉴·卷一百七十九 隋纪三》:突厥步迦可汗所部大乱,铁勒仆骨等十余部,皆叛步迦降于启民。

参考资料

前任:
都蓝可汗
东突厥可汗
599年—609年
继任:
始毕可汗
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启民可汗
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