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工商组织.
工商组织(团体),或曰商人组织(团体)。古代的“工”主要指手工业或手工作坊(原材料加工),也包含铜矿业、冶金等古代工业,现代的“工”多指重工业,“商”在古今都指商贾或店面(第三产业)。古代常有“前店后坊”经营模式,工与商就难以界定。[1]
- 行会(行音行,guild):特指欧洲11-19世纪的垄断组织,工业化时代被政府取缔。特征是商贾自发结社、有严谨学徒制。
- 商人会馆:中国明清的“会馆”与“公所”所指均为一物,特征是自发结社,有垄断成分。以苏州为代表。学术上分为“同乡会馆”与“商人会馆”。[1]至1929年被国民政府强制改组成同业公会。[2]
- 行:中国宋朝官府出面为商贾编籍造册,方便征税与行政消费。[1]
- 商帮:中国帮会形态,如漕帮。
- Shreni:印度佛教时代,即前200年-公元后300年。
- 座(za):日本13-16世纪。
- 俄罗斯帝国商会
- 奥斯曼帝国的esnaf
- 同业公会:同一行业的商人组织的职业公会,如工业会、商业会、商业同业公会联合会、商业同业公会。
- 专业协会:代表医生、律师、会计师、建筑师、工程师等非工商职业。
- 商会(chamber of commerce):由多个地域、不同行业的同业公会组成。
引用文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 邱澎生(1990)《十八、十九世纪苏州城的新兴工商业团体》专书,国立台湾大学出版委员会,页27, 35, 42。
- ^ 陈争平(2010),《中国早期现代化进程中工商社团的社会整合作用》,收录于《中国文明──文化转型的历程》(周佳荣、 侯励英编),页112。
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| 类型 |
- 雇主组织
- 商会
- 专业协会
- 协会
- Inter-professional association
- co-operative federation
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| 公司集团 | |
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| 商业网络 | |
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| 竞争组织 | |
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| 其他 | |
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