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古典保守主义.
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古典保守主义(英语:classical conservatism),又称传统保守主义(英语:traditional conservatism),或传统主义(英语:traditionalism)是一种政治和社会哲学,强调道德原则的重要性,主张社会应谨慎遵守的某些自然法则。传统保守主义是基于亚里士多德和埃德蒙·伯克的政治观点。传统主义者重视社会纽带和对祖传制度的保护,而不是他们认为的过度个人主义。
传统的保守主义非常强调习俗、惯例和传统的概念。 理论理性被视为次于实践理性。 国家也被视为具有精神和有机特征的社会努力。传统主义者认为,任何变化都是由社区的传统自发产生的,而不是经过深思熟虑、理性思考的结果。领导、权威和等级制度对人类来说是自然而然的。18世纪,传统主义在欧洲兴起,主要是对英国和法国大革命混乱局面的反应。传统保守主义在20世纪中叶开始成为一股知识分子和政治力量。[3]
伯克认为自由主义使人类理性有了太多的自信,而人们其实只是部分理性,他们同样具有广泛的非理性激情。为了控制人类的非理性,社会长年累月推衍及发展出来传统、制度及道德标准。因此现存的制度和传统不可能全是糟糕的,它们是千百年来屡次尝试的结果,人们已经习惯于此,最好是予以维持和保留,他们虽然不完美但是有用。但并非事情应当永远不变,必须为了保存而改革,不过只能是渐变,让人民有一段适应空间。
伯克认为制度和生物体一样,随着时间的流逝而成长及调适。他看到革命易于带来灾难性的后果,因为社会无法在瞬间按照人类的理性命令予以重建。
参考资料
- ^ Sedgwick, Mark. Against the Modern World: Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. 2009.
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