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古代文学

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文学的历史开始与书写的历史一起开始于青铜器时代美索不达米亚古埃及,但是流传至今的最古老的文学文本已经是书写发明后一千多年,也就是公元前第三千纪的晚期的事了。已知的最早文学作品作者是公元前二十四世纪的普塔霍特普及公元前二十三世纪的安海度亚娜。普塔霍特普是埃及第五王朝法老杰德卡拉的顾问,也是一位哲学家。普塔霍特普格言英语The Maxims of Ptahhotep据推测是他的作品,收集成书于公元前2350年左右。安海度亚娜是一位约在公元前二十三世纪时的月神南纳的女祭司,有一些苏美语的圣歌被认为是她的作品。

一些文本在被记录下来之前已经以口头方式流传数个世纪了,在一些案例里,甚至上千年。古典古代文学通常被认为始于公元前八世纪的荷马。有许多更古老的已知的文学文本,但是通常很难判定年代。例如一般通常认为希伯来圣经五经成于公元前十五世纪,然而现代的学者则认为最早不早于公元前十世纪。另一个早期的例子是约在公元前250年时写在阿尼纸莎草英语Papyrus of Ani上的埃及的死者之书,大约可以回溯到公元前十八世纪。

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古代文学
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